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Medicine, Year 1 Block 3 (You Are What You Eat) > Drugs and the Gut > Flashcards

Drugs and the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

Define “antagonist”

A

A drug or chemical which blocks the physiological response of another by binding and blocking its receptor

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2
Q

Define “agonist”

A

A drug or chemical which produces a physiological reaction by binding to its receptor

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3
Q

Define “irreversible binding”

A

An irreversible antagonist binding to a receptor which cannot be displaced

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4
Q

Define “side effect”

A

An effect which occurs additionally to the desired effect

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5
Q

What two places can peptic ulcers arise?

A

Stomach ulcer

Duodenal ulcer

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6
Q

State some symptoms of having ulcers

A

Pain in abdomen, neck, back; Bleeding; Indigestion; Heartburn; Loss of apetite; Vomiting

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7
Q

State two broad mechanisms of how peptic ulcers are caused

A

Bacterial Infection

NSAIDs

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8
Q

What are the names given to the three cells involved in gastric secretions?

A

Neck cells
Chief cells
Parietal / Oxyntic cells

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9
Q

What three regions of the stomach are the Neck cells found in?

A

Cardiac, Pylorus, Fundus

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10
Q

Where are Chief cells found in the stomach?

A

Fundus

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11
Q

Where are Parietal / Oxyntic cells found in the stomach?

A

Fundus

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12
Q

What kind of gastric secretion do Neck cells secrete?

A

Mucus

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13
Q

What kind of gastric secretion do Chief cells secrete?

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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14
Q

What kind of gastric secretion do Parietal / Oxyntic cells secrete?

A

HCl

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15
Q

What do the gastric glands secrete?

A

Gastric juice (HCl, enzymes, mucus)

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16
Q

To heal the peptic ulcer, we need a pH of…?

A

Greater than 3

17
Q

Which bacteria causes Stomach ulcers?

A

Gram negative Heliobacter pylori

18
Q

How does H. pylori cause ulcers?

A

H. pylori secretes urease to produce ammonia and H2C03.

19
Q

What are the four types of histamine receptor, and which one is the most important for targeting treatment for ulcers?

A

H1, H2, H3, H4

H2 Receptor

20
Q

Give three examples of H2 antagonists

A

Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine

21
Q

State three examples of PPIs

A

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Pantoprazole

22
Q

Why are PPIs very long lasting?

A
  1. Accumulation of the drug in the parietal cell canaliculi

2. Irreversible nature of proton pump inhibition

23
Q

How are PPIs prodrugs?

A

They have a bicarbonate / enteric coat which prevents rapid exposure to stomach HCl

24
Q

How can you treat H. pylori? What are the combinations?

A

Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin

Amoxillicin + Metronidazole

Combined therapy with PPI

25
Q

Give examples of NSAID drugs which can cause Ulcers

A

Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Naproxen

26
Q

How does NSAIDs cause ulcers?

A

It is a systemic drug, targeting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes

27
Q

What is often given with NSAIDs to inhibit the adverse affects of ulcer formation?

A

Misoprostol, which is a Prostaglandin mimetic

28
Q

Where is the vomiting centre located? What NT is it associated with?

A

In the brain (past the Blood Brain barrier), and acetylcholine

29
Q

Where is the Chemoreceptor trigger zone, and why is its location important?

A

It is located outside the blood brain barrier, and therefore is susceptible to drugs

30
Q

The CTZ is linked to what, to regulate balance? Via which NTs?

A

The vestibular apparatus, and via Ach and Histamine

31
Q

The vomiting centre cannot be induced by drugs but can be induced by…?

A

Pain
Sight
Smell

32
Q

Give example of a Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist used to treat travel sickness

A

Hyoscine

33
Q

State three examples of drugs used as a H1 receptor antagonist (Clue: -ine) to counteract sickness (anti-emetic)

A

Cyclizine
Cinnarizine
Promethazine

34
Q

What class of drugs are typically used to treat chemotherapy related nausea?

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

Medicine, Year 1 Block 3 (You Are What You Eat) (14 decks)

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