Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates and Proteins

Question 1

What is the name for the two enzymes secreted in the mouth?

Answer 1

Lingual Lipase

Amylase

Question 2

For secretion of saliva, which cells do this?

Answer 2

Acini cells

Question 3

For secretion of saliva, which cells help excrusion of the contents of the acini cells?

Answer 3

Myoepithelial (basket) cells

Question 4

State the five cell types located within the stomach

Answer 4

Mucuous cells
Parietal / oxytic cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Stem cells

Question 5

What is the function of Mucous cells?

Answer 5

Secretion of mucus to protect the epithelium from acid secretions

Question 6

What is the function of Parietal / Oxyntic cells?

Answer 6

Secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

Question 7

What is the function of Chief cells?

Answer 7

Secretion of pepsinogen (pepsin precursor)

Question 8

What is the function of Enteroendocrine cells?

Answer 8

Secretion of protein hormones i.e.VIP and somatosatin

Question 9

What is the function of the stem cells?

Answer 9

Give rise to new cells to replace old mucosal / epithelial cells

Question 10

What do G cells in the pyloric antrum secrete?

Answer 10

Gastrin

Question 11

What are the phases of Gastric secretion called?

Answer 11

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

Question 12

What regulates the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

Answer 12

Sight / Smell / Taste cues via the vagus nerve

Question 13

What three things stimulate the Parietal / Oxyntic cells to secrete acid?

Answer 13

Histamine
Gastrin
Acetylcholine

Question 14

Somatostatin is released by which cells?

Answer 14

D cells

Question 15

D cells secrete what?

Answer 15

Somatostatin

Question 16

What does GIP mean? What is it now known as and what is its role?

Answer 16

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

Known as Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Stimulates insulin secretion in response to glucose in the duodenum

Question 17

Proton pump inhbitors inhibition which type of cell in stomach?

Answer 17

Parietal / Oxyntic cells

Question 18

How long is the small intestine?

Answer 18

20 feet long

Question 19

Describe what the small intestine mucosa is like

Answer 19

Microvilli, with absorptive enterocytes and mucus secreting goblet cells

Question 20

For the microvilli of the small intestine, where does the venous drainage lead to..?

Answer 20

Hepatic portal vein

Question 21

For the microvilli of the small intestine, explain the function of the lacteal

Answer 21

The lacteal drains into the lymphatic system which enters circulation into the thoracic duct

Question 22

Where are the stem cells of the microvilli of the small intestine located?

Answer 22

At the base of the crypt

Question 23

What is the life span of the small intestinal mucosa?

Answer 23

2-3 days

Question 24

What does salivary amylase digest?

Answer 24

Starch

Question 25

What are the three components of the small intestine?

Answer 25

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 26

State the name of 3 protease enzymes

Answer 26

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase

Question 27

Pepsinogen gives rise to…?

Answer 27

Pepsin

Question 28

What is the precursor of chymotrypsin?

Answer 28

Chymotrypsinogen

Question 29

Elastase’s zymogen precusor is..?

Answer 29

Pro-elastase

Question 30

What is the function of Maltase?

Answer 30

Maltose —- 2 x Glucose

Question 31

What is the function of Lactase?

Answer 31

Lactose —- Glucose + Galactose

Question 32

What is the function of Sucrase?

Answer 32

Sucrose —- Fructose + Glucose

Question 33

What can be transported by the Na+ / Glucose symporter?

Answer 33

Glucose and Galactose

Question 34

What is the UK recommended intake for dietary fibre?

Answer 34

11-12g per day

Question 35

Define glycaemic index

Answer 35

The ability of carbohydrate food to increase blood glucose levels

Question 36

What is considered a “low” glycaemic index?

Answer 36

< 55