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Drugs and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Alters mood, thoughts or behaviors

Many promote cravings and produce addiction

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3
Q

Route of Administration

A

How drugs enters the body and reaches its target

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4
Q

Bloodstream route

A

Diluted by 6L

Must be hydrophilic

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5
Q

To reach a neurological target

A
  • Must travel from the blood into the extracellular fluid
  • Molecules must be small enough to pass through pores of capillaries
  • Diluted by 35 L of fluid
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6
Q

What happens after a drug enters the body?

A

It begins to catabolize and is kept in fat cells

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7
Q

Where are drugs catabolized?

A

Kidneys, Liver, and the Intestines

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8
Q

What is the catabolizing enzyme in the liver?

A

cytochrome P450

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9
Q

How are drugs excreted?

A

In urine, feces, sweat, breast milk and exhaled air

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10
Q

Blood-Brain barrier

A

Capillaries keep certain molecules from passing through

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11
Q

What sites are barrier free in the brain?

A

Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Area postrema

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12
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Entry of chemicals that affect day-night cycles

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Entry of chemicals that influence pituitary hormones

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14
Q

Area Postrema

A

Entry of toxic substances that induce vomiting

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15
Q

There are fewer barriers when a drug is inhaled or swallowed ?

A

Inhaled

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16
Q

How much can the drug dose be reduced for ever obstacle eliminated?

A

By a factor of 10

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17
Q

Agonists

A

Increase the effectiveness of neurotransmission

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18
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease the effectiveness of neurotransmission

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19
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Increase in the enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain
Person metabolizes alcohol quickly so blood alcohol levels are reduced

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20
Q

Cellular Tolerance

A

Adjustment in the activities of the neurons to minimize the effects of alcohol
Behavioral signs of intoxication low despite high BAL

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21
Q

Learned Tolerance

A

Learning to cope with daily demands under the influence

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22
Q

Sensitization

A

Increasing response to the effects of a drug

Produces structural changes in the brain

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23
Q

Class 1

A

Antianxiety Agents and Sedative Hypnotics
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines

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24
Q

Low does class 1

A

Reduction in anxiety

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25
Medium does class 1
Sedating effect
26
High does class 1
Can anesthetize, induce coma
27
Barbiturates
Class 1 Induce anesthesia before surgery Increase binding of GABA
28
Benzodiazepines
Minor tranquilizers or antianxiety | Bind to antianxiety site
29
How do sedative hypnotics work?
Influencing GABAA receptor
30
Alcohol
Bind to the sedative -hypnotic site and increase the influx of Cl- causing hyperpolarization
31
GABAa binding site
Blocks ion pore
32
How can GABA agonist drugs be used to treat epilepsy?
They block picrotoxin which produces overexictation and epileptic discharges in postsynaptic neurons
33
Dissociative Anesthetics
PCP, Ketamine, GHB | Produces altered states of consciousness and hallucinations
34
Date rape drugs
Ketamine and GHB
35
Group 2
Antipsychotic Agents
36
Psychosis
Hallucinations and Delusions
37
First Generation Antipsychotics
Butyrophenones and phenothiazines | Block D2 receptors
38
Second Generation Antipsychotics
Weakly block D2 receptors but also block serotonin 5-HT2 | LSD
39
Dopamine Hypothesis
Dopamine excess related to schizophrenic symptoms | Chronic amphetamine use
40
What do ketamine and PCP do?
block glutamate
41
Group 3
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers
42
Major Depression
Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt | Thoughts of suicide
43
3 types of Antidepressant Drugs
MOA inhibitors Tricyclic Antidepressants Second generation antidepressants
44
Antidepressant Drugs
Begin their effects quickly but antidepressant actions take weeks to develop
45
SSRI Fluoxetine/Prozac
Increases the production of new neurons in the hippocampus | Hippocampus is vulnerable to stress induced damage
46
Ketamine in antidepression
Rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms
47
Mood Stabilizers
Used to treat Bipolar Disorder--> periods of deep depression and mania
48
Examples of mood stabilizers
Salt lithium carbonate | Valproate
49
What controls hallucinations and delusions associated with mania?
Antipsychotic drugs that block D2 receptors
50
Group 4
Opioid Analgesics
51
Opioid
Binds to a group of brain receptors that are sensitive to morphine Addictive
52
Codeine
From the opium plant | Converted to morphine by the liver
53
Endorphins
pain relieving opioids produced by the brain
54
Nalphorine and Naloxone
used to treat opioid addiction
55
Soldier's disease
Morphine addiction
56
Morphine
High tolerance--> high risk of overdose | Sensitization
57
Group 5: Psychotropics
Stimulants that mainly affect mental activity | 2 groups: Behavioral stimulants and General stimulants
58
Behavioral stimulants
Increase motor behavior and elevate mood and alertness
59
Cocaine
Blocks dopamine reuptake | crack
60
Amphetamine
Stimulates release of dopamine and blocks dopamine reuptake | Increase alertness
61
Psychedelics and Hallucinogens: Group 6
Alter sensory perception and cognitive processes and can produce hallucinations
62
MDMA/ Ecstasy
Stimulate some serotonin receptors
63
General Stimulants
Produce increase in cells' metabolic activity
64
Caffeine
Inhibits an enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP
65
Substance abuse
Excessive and chronic use of a drug
66
Addiction
Physically dependent on the drug | Withdrawal symptoms
67
Dependence hypothesis
Users experience withdrawal symptoms when drugs wear off
68
Hedonic hypothesis
People use drugs to induce pleasure
69
Incentive sensitization theory
Addiction is the result of conditioned learning
70
3 stages of addiction
Pleasure Classical Conditioning Incentive salience

Neuropsych (14 decks)

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