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Neuropsych > Drugs and Hormones > Flashcards

Drugs and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Alters mood, thoughts or behaviors

Many promote cravings and produce addiction

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3
Q

Route of Administration

A

How drugs enters the body and reaches its target

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4
Q

Bloodstream route

A

Diluted by 6L

Must be hydrophilic

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5
Q

To reach a neurological target

A
  • Must travel from the blood into the extracellular fluid
  • Molecules must be small enough to pass through pores of capillaries
  • Diluted by 35 L of fluid
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6
Q

What happens after a drug enters the body?

A

It begins to catabolize and is kept in fat cells

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7
Q

Where are drugs catabolized?

A

Kidneys, Liver, and the Intestines

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8
Q

What is the catabolizing enzyme in the liver?

A

cytochrome P450

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9
Q

How are drugs excreted?

A

In urine, feces, sweat, breast milk and exhaled air

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10
Q

Blood-Brain barrier

A

Capillaries keep certain molecules from passing through

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11
Q

What sites are barrier free in the brain?

A

Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Area postrema

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12
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Entry of chemicals that affect day-night cycles

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Entry of chemicals that influence pituitary hormones

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14
Q

Area Postrema

A

Entry of toxic substances that induce vomiting

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15
Q

There are fewer barriers when a drug is inhaled or swallowed ?

A

Inhaled

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16
Q

How much can the drug dose be reduced for ever obstacle eliminated?

A

By a factor of 10

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17
Q

Agonists

A

Increase the effectiveness of neurotransmission

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18
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease the effectiveness of neurotransmission

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19
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Increase in the enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain
Person metabolizes alcohol quickly so blood alcohol levels are reduced

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20
Q

Cellular Tolerance

A

Adjustment in the activities of the neurons to minimize the effects of alcohol
Behavioral signs of intoxication low despite high BAL

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21
Q

Learned Tolerance

A

Learning to cope with daily demands under the influence

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22
Q

Sensitization

A

Increasing response to the effects of a drug

Produces structural changes in the brain

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23
Q

Class 1

A

Antianxiety Agents and Sedative Hypnotics
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines

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24
Q

Low does class 1

A

Reduction in anxiety

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25
Q

Medium does class 1

A

Sedating effect

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26
Q

High does class 1

A

Can anesthetize, induce coma

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27
Q

Barbiturates

A

Class 1
Induce anesthesia before surgery
Increase binding of GABA

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28
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Minor tranquilizers or antianxiety

Bind to antianxiety site

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29
Q

How do sedative hypnotics work?

A

Influencing GABAA receptor

30
Q

Alcohol

A

Bind to the sedative -hypnotic site and increase the influx of Cl- causing hyperpolarization

31
Q

GABAa binding site

A

Blocks ion pore

32
Q

How can GABA agonist drugs be used to treat epilepsy?

A

They block picrotoxin which produces overexictation and epileptic discharges in postsynaptic neurons

33
Q

Dissociative Anesthetics

A

PCP, Ketamine, GHB

Produces altered states of consciousness and hallucinations

34
Q

Date rape drugs

A

Ketamine and GHB

35
Q

Group 2

A

Antipsychotic Agents

36
Q

Psychosis

A

Hallucinations and Delusions

37
Q

First Generation Antipsychotics

A

Butyrophenones and phenothiazines

Block D2 receptors

38
Q

Second Generation Antipsychotics

A

Weakly block D2 receptors but also block serotonin 5-HT2

LSD

39
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Dopamine excess related to schizophrenic symptoms

Chronic amphetamine use

40
Q

What do ketamine and PCP do?

A

block glutamate

41
Q

Group 3

A

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

42
Q

Major Depression

A

Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt

Thoughts of suicide

43
Q

3 types of Antidepressant Drugs

A

MOA inhibitors
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Second generation antidepressants

44
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Begin their effects quickly but antidepressant actions take weeks to develop

45
Q

SSRI Fluoxetine/Prozac

A

Increases the production of new neurons in the hippocampus

Hippocampus is vulnerable to stress induced damage

46
Q

Ketamine in antidepression

A

Rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms

47
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

Used to treat Bipolar Disorder–> periods of deep depression and mania

48
Q

Examples of mood stabilizers

A

Salt lithium carbonate

Valproate

49
Q

What controls hallucinations and delusions associated with mania?

A

Antipsychotic drugs that block D2 receptors

50
Q

Group 4

A

Opioid Analgesics

51
Q

Opioid

A

Binds to a group of brain receptors that are sensitive to morphine
Addictive

52
Q

Codeine

A

From the opium plant

Converted to morphine by the liver

53
Q

Endorphins

A

pain relieving opioids produced by the brain

54
Q

Nalphorine and Naloxone

A

used to treat opioid addiction

55
Q

Soldier’s disease

A

Morphine addiction

56
Q

Morphine

A

High tolerance–> high risk of overdose

Sensitization

57
Q

Group 5: Psychotropics

A

Stimulants that mainly affect mental activity

2 groups: Behavioral stimulants and General stimulants

58
Q

Behavioral stimulants

A

Increase motor behavior and elevate mood and alertness

59
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake

crack

60
Q

Amphetamine

A

Stimulates release of dopamine and blocks dopamine reuptake

Increase alertness

61
Q

Psychedelics and Hallucinogens: Group 6

A

Alter sensory perception and cognitive processes and can produce hallucinations

62
Q

MDMA/ Ecstasy

A

Stimulate some serotonin receptors

63
Q

General Stimulants

A

Produce increase in cells’ metabolic activity

64
Q

Caffeine

A

Inhibits an enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP

65
Q

Substance abuse

A

Excessive and chronic use of a drug

66
Q

Addiction

A

Physically dependent on the drug

Withdrawal symptoms

67
Q

Dependence hypothesis

A

Users experience withdrawal symptoms when drugs wear off

68
Q

Hedonic hypothesis

A

People use drugs to induce pleasure

69
Q

Incentive sensitization theory

A

Addiction is the result of conditioned learning

70
Q

3 stages of addiction

A

Pleasure
Classical Conditioning
Incentive salience

Neuropsych (14 decks)

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