Drugs and Endocrine System Flashcards
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Promotes reabsorption of calcium ions in the kidney and increases intestinal absorption causing levels of calcium ion to increase
What are osteoclasts?
Bone cells
What cause hypothyroidism?
Not enough iodine in diet, insufficient T3 and T4 causing patient to require thyroxine replacement
Where is calcitonin released from?
C- cells of the thyroid gland
What does calcitonin do?
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing osteoclast activity in the bones and increasing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine.
What does Calcitriol (vit D3) do?
Increase calcium ion levels by increase bone mobilisation and increase reabsorption in gut
What causes hypcalcemia?
Inadequate calcium inake
Lack of Vit D or PTH deficiency
Renal Problems
What is a goitre?
An abnormal swelling of the thyroid gland causing a lump to form
Adverse effects of bisphosphates drugs
Abdominal Pain
GI disturbances, oesophageal problems
How is calcitonin administered?
Nasal Spray
Subcutaneous and Intramuscular injections
What is used as a thyroxine replacement?
Levothyroxine T4
What do mineralocorticoids do?
Regulate mineral balance
What do glucacorticoids do?
Increase glucose mobilisation
Increase resistance to stress
Decrease white blood cells
What causes the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Cardiovascular system and CNS are depressed metabolic rate reduced.
Treatment for severe hypothyroidism?
Intravenous Triiodothyronine T3
Symptoms of hypercalcemia?
muscle problems
can cause cardiac arrest & renal failure
What causes hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease
Long term treatment for hyperthyroidism?
Surgery removal of gland and replacement hormones
Radio active iodine
Carbimazole
Inhibits synthesis of thyroxine
It is converted into active drug in the liver
Where is carbimazole excreted?
Urine
Adverse effects of carbimazole?
Crosses the placenta and in breast milk, causes neonatal hypothyroidism
Insomnia
Nausea
Symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Lethargy
Anemic
Hyporeflexia - reduce or absence of reflex function to response
Symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Neuromuscular problems
Muscle cramps
Paraeshesia
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Insomnia Hypertension Tachycardia Weight loss Low grade fever
Treatment for hypercalcemia
Bisphosphates and calcitonin
What do bisphosphates do?
slows bone growth and turnover which prevent loss of bones
How are bisphosphates administered?
Orally
Carbimazole
Inhibits synthesis of thyroxine
Hyperthyroidism
Levothyroxine T4
Thyroxine substitute
Hypothyroidism
IV Triiodothyronine T3
Severe hypothyroidism
Ergocalciferol
Treatment for hypocalcaemia
Can only be used if kidney function is not compromised
Alendronic Acid (biphosonates)
Slows bone growth and turnover so prevents calcium loss from bones
treats osteoporosis
