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Forensic Medicine > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What class are morphine, heroin and methadone?

A

Opiates

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2
Q

What class are alcohol and barbiturates?

A

Depressants

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3
Q

What class are amphetamines + cocaine?

A

Stimulants

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4
Q

What class are LDS and mushrooms?

A

Hallucinogens

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5
Q

An excessive or improper use of drugs, especially through self-administration for nonmedical purposes

A

Drug abuse

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6
Q

A physical or psychologic state in which a person displays withdrawal symptoms if drug use is halted suddenly; can lead to addiction.

A

drug dependence

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7
Q

Name 5 Class A drugs

A 
Opiates
Cocaine, crack
LSD
Inj amphetamines
Magic mushrooms
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8
Q

What is the penalty for dealing class A drugs?

A

Up to life

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9
Q

What is the penalty for possessing class A drugs?

A

up to 7 years

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10
Q

Name 5 class B drugs

A 
Cannabis
Oral amphetamines
Ritalin
Pholcodeine
Mephedrone (bubbles)
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11
Q

What is the penalty for dealing class B drugs?

A

Up to 14 years

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12
Q

What is the penalty for possessing class B drugs?

A

Up to 5 years

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13
Q

Name 4 class C drugs?

A

Tranquilisers - benzos
some painkillers - buprenorphine, DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE
GHB
Ketamine

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14
Q

What is penalty for dealing class C drugs?

A

Up to 14 years

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15
Q

What is penalty for possessing class C drugs?

A

Up to 2 years

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16
Q

What act may define who may produce, possess, supply, prescribe and administer certain drugs?

A

Misuse of Drugs Regulations, 2001

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17
Q

What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 prohibits LSD, cannabis, opium, ecstasy without H.O. license?

A

Schedule 1

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18
Q

What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves controlled prescribing, custody and registers for heroim, methadone, cocaine, amphetamine?

A

Schedule 2

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19
Q

What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves barbiturates and pentazocine?

A

Schedule 3

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20
Q

What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves benzodiazepines?

A

Schedule 4

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21
Q

What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves those containing a small amount of CD, copraxomol and co-codamol?

A

Schedule 5

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22
Q

What act controls the production and supply of drugs?

A

Medicines Act, 1968

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23
Q

What do drugs of dependence have in common?

A
  1. An initial pleasurable effect

2. A rebound unpleasant effect on stopping

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24
Q 
Psychological dependence
Neuro-adaptation
Tolerance
Physical dependence
Withdrawal syndromes
A

Drug dependenec

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25
Q

Drugs cause false feelings of well-being: what do the ignore or bypass?

A

Survival needs: food, drink, friendship, sex and achievment

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26
Q

In Scotland what percentage of Scots use cocaine? highest in world

A

4%

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27
Q

In Scotland, what drug has ahd a 50% increase in 6 years?

A

Ecstasy (2.5%) use

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28
Q

What percentage of Scots smoke or inject heroin (3x world average)?

A

1.5%

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29
Q

What do users spend a year in Scotland on the habit?

A

£1.4 billion

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30
Q

What do users cost society in scotland?

A

£3.5 billion

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31
Q

What is drug crime rate in Scotland compared to world average?

A

6x higher

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32
Q

What percentage of excess mortality is due to drugs?

A

32% excess

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33
Q

How much more likely is a user likely to die than general population?

A

12x more likely

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34
Q

What is the commonest single drug in scotland causing deaths?

A

Heroin

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35
Q

90% of scottish users dieing are under what age?

A

45y

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36
Q

In the previous 6 months before a drug death, what do 40% have probels mwith?

A

Alcohol
Psychiatric 25% depression, 5% schizo
33% in conctact with drug treatment service

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37
Q

What percentage of drug related deaths have a recent life event before?

A

50%

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38
Q

What percentage of drug related deaths have prebviously suicide attempted, self harmed or sexual abuse (F>M)

A

25% Suicide
20% Self harm
10% Sexual abuse

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39
Q

What percentage of drug related deaths are hep C positive or have liver disease?

A

Hep C 10%

Liver disease 5%

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40
Q

Where do 75% of drug related deaths ocur?

A

At home

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41
Q

What percwentage of drug relate ddeaths have someone in the vicinity?

A

66%

42
Q

What attends in 80% of drug related deaths?

A

ambulance

43
Q

How often is resus attempted in drug related deaths?

A

50% of cases

44
Q

Wjat drugs are commonly cuilprits in drug related deaths?

A

Heroin implic/contrib in 59%
Methadone implic/contrib in 32%
Diazepam implic/contrib in 28%
Alcohol implic/contrib in 30%

45
Q

What is the active compound in cannabis?

A

tetrahydrocannabinol THC

46
Q

What is cannabis resin called?

A

Hash

47
Q

What is cannabis oil?

A

Solvent extraction from resin

48
Q

How can you sometimes catch a cannabis dealer?

A

They bite resin and leave tooth mark

49
Q

What gives acute psychological effects of talkative, hilarity, well-being and confidence?

A

Cannabis

50
Q

Give some acute physical effects of cannabis?

A 
Dry mouth
Sometimes dilated pupils
Red eyes
Tachycardia
Hyeprtension
Postural hypotension
51
Q

Name some chronic effects of cannabis?

A 
Psychosis - schizo
Amotivational syndrokme
Reduced sperm count
Reduced fertility
Bronchitis and emphysema
Lung cancer
52
Q

What drug is jellies, eggs and temazzies?

A

Tempazepam

53
Q

What drug:

  • sedatives, anxiolytics (tranquillisers)
  • Replaced barbiturates
  • Commonly abused
A

Benzodiazepines

54
Q

Name some acute effects of benzodiazepines?

A
  1. Relief of anxiety, relaxation
  2. Impaired memory
  3. Paradoxical aggression
  4. Uncharacteristic criminal behaviour
  5. Uncontrollable emotions
  6. Potentiated by alcohol
  7. Hangover
55
Q

How long does it take to withdraw from benzodiazepines?

A

2-3 days

56
Q

What class of drug:

  • Synthetic stimulants
  • Medical use in narcolepsy, psychiatry
  • Illicit manufacture of tablets (powder)
  • Rave culture
  • Orally (snorted, smoked or injected)
A

Amphetamines

57
Q

What drug is uppers, ‘A’, speed, whizz, sulph, cranks, wake-up, hearts?

A

Amphetamine

58
Q

What drug is dex, dexy or dexies?

A

Dextroamphetamine

59
Q

What drug is ICE, crystal, meth?

A

Methamphetamine

60
Q

What drug is MDA or EVE?

A

Methylenedioxyamphetamine

61
Q

What drug is MDMA, ADAM, Ecstasy, ‘E’ or doves?

A

3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

62
Q

Give some acute psychological effects of amphetamines (clue: they are a stimulant)?

A
  1. Euphoria, calm, peace and friendliness
  2. Heightened awareness and concentration
  3. Increased energy for dancing
  4. Irritability, restlessness
  5. Irrational behaviour and confusion
  6. Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
  7. Psychosis
63
Q

What do amphetamines do to pupils?

A

Brisk reflexes and dilated

64
Q

What do amphetamines do to mouth and vision?

A

Dry mouth and blurred vision

65
Q

Do amphetamine uesers teethgrind?

A

Yes

66
Q

Give 5 acute adverse effects of amphetamines?

A
  1. Arrythmia
  2. Stroke, ICH, SAH
  3. Hyperpyrexia - causing acute organ failure, body temp spirals
  4. DIC
  5. Acute paranoid psychosis
67
Q

What drug causes these chronic adverse effects:

Aggression, fatigue & insomnia
Anorexia, malnutrition & weight loss
Diarrhoea & vomiting
Heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy)
Chronic paranoid psychosis
Depression, schizophrenia
A

Amphetamines

68
Q

What drug is known as bubbles, plant food or miaow?

A

Mephedrone

69
Q

What drug is 4-methylMethCathinone MMCAT?

A

Mephedrone

70
Q

What drug is derived from cathinon found in Khat plant of arabia or East africa - leaves chewed to ease fatigue?

A

Mephedrone

71
Q

What form does synthetic mephedrne come in?

A

Crystalline powder - painful to snort

72
Q

What class of drug is mephedrone?

A

B

73
Q 
What drug:
Euphoria & Energy rush
Mild stimulation
Similar to Ecstasy & Cocaine
Unpleasant come-down with sleep disturbance
Paranoia, Depression
SUICIDE- hangings
A

Mephedrone

74
Q 
What drug:
•Tachycardia, Hypertension
•Insomnia, Anorexia
•Chewing/grinding teeth (bruxism)
•Nystagmus
•Blue & cold extremities (vasoconstriction)
•Pains in the chest, throat and nose
•Nosebleeds when snorted
A

Mephedrone

75
Q

What drug:
Naturally occurring stimulant
•Coca leaf from South America
•Illegal manufacture (leaf, paste, powder)
•Snorted, smoked, rubbed on, injected
•Powder heated with baking soda to make ‘crack’ which is smoked

A

Cocaine - craving is very powerful

76
Q 
What drug:
-Euphoria, well-being
•Formication (insects under skin)
•Irritability & confusion
•Hallucinations, paranoia, depression
A

Cocaine

77
Q

What happens to pupils on cocaine?

A

Dilated

78
Q

Chronic effects of what drug?

Chest pains, muscle spasm
•Weight loss
•Perforated nasal septum
•“Crack keratitis” of the eyes.
•Erosion of tooth enamel
•‘Crack callus’ of the fingers
•Male impotence, female orgasm problems
A

Cocaine

79
Q

Withdrawal of what drug causes this:

Intense psychological craving
•Irritability, depression
•Muscle pains & tremor
•Hunger
•Exhaustion & prolonged sleep
A

cocaine

80
Q

Where are cocaine and metabolites detectable in?

A

Blood, urine, nasal, hair, saliva

81
Q

Whta does cocaine do to the heart?

A
  1. Premature atherosclerosis, CAT, MI
  2. Heart muscle damage: acute CBN (catecholamien stress) and chronic scarring (cardiomyopathy)
  3. Fatal arrythmia
82
Q

What does cocaine do to the brain?

A
  1. Haemorrhage - intracerebral, SAH

2. Cerebral infarction - arterial spasm

83
Q
  • Semi-synthetic hallucinogen

- Derived from lysergic acid, found in ergot fungus which grows on rye grains

A

LySergic acid Diethylamide LSD

84
Q

How is LSD taken?

A

Orally- effects within 1 hr, peak 4hr and last 12 hr

85
Q

What drug does tolerance but not dependence develiop in?

A

LSD

86
Q

What do acute psychological effects of LSD rely on?

A

Mood and environment

87
Q

Name 4 chronic effects of LSD?

A
  1. tolerance but no dependence
  2. abortion in pregnant woman
  3. anxiety and psychosis
  4. later flashbacks
88
Q 
Morphine
•Heroin
•Methadone
•Dipipanone, Pethidine
•Pentazocine, Buprenorphine
•Detropropoxyphene, Codeine, DHC
A

Opiates

89
Q

What is opium a mixture of?

A

Alkaloids:

Morphine, noscapoine, codeine

90
Q

3 medical uses of opiates?

A
  1. Pain relief
  2. Cough suppressants
  3. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs
91
Q

Whta two cokours can heroin powder be?

A

White or

Brown- milky extract turned brown

92
Q

Rush of euphoria
•Contentment
•Relief of anxiety
•Inability to concentrate

Acute psychological effects of what drug?

A

Opiate abuse

93
Q 
Acute physical effects of what drug
Constricted pupils
•Nausea & vomiting
•Suppression of cough reflex
•Decreased heart & breathing rate
•Unconsciousness, resp. arrest and death
–Naloxone (Narcan) may be necessary
•Fatal reaction to impurities
A

Opiate abuse

94
Q

Chronic effects of what drug:

Tolerance
•Physical & psychological dependence
•Constipation
•Loss of libido
•Complications of i.v. injection
A

Opiate

95
Q

Commences after 8-15 h
•Peaks at 36-48 h
•Subsides over 5-10 days

A

Opiate withdrawal or cold turkey

96
Q

Whta re these signs of:

Dilated pupils
•Watering eyes (lacrimation), yawning
•Tachycardia, hypertension
•Cold clammy skin with goose flesh
•Loudly audible bowel sounds
•Nausea, vomiting & diarrhoea
A

cold turkey

97
Q

What is dimorphine?

A

Heroin

98
Q

Explain heroin metabolism?

A
  1. Heroin = diacetylmorphine/diamorphine
  2. 6-mono-acetyl morphine (6-MAM)
  3. Morphine
  4. Morphine-3-Glucuronide (inactive) or Morphine-6-Glucuronide (active)
99
Q

Are older or younger heroind adicts more at risk of death?

A

OLder

100
Q

Whta three drugs make up cocktail with heroin?

A

Diazepam, methadone, alcohol

101
Q

What does IV abuse of oral pharmaceuticals do to lung and liver?

A

Granulomas

102
Q

What happens to measured drug conc after PM?

A

aRTEFACTUAL ELEVATION

Forensic Medicine (13 decks)

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