Drugs

Question 1

Mesna

Answer 1

Reacts in the bladder with acroleine, a metabolite of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide, thus preventing hemorrhaguc cystitis

Question 2

Mannitol

Answer 2

increases the osmolarity of various body fluids. This effect can promote diuresis or reduction of cerebral edema.

Question 3

cholestyramine, colestipol and colesevelam

Answer 3

Bind bile acids in the intestinal lumen and prevent their, reabsorption. Used to treat hyperlipidemia.

Question 4

Dimercaprol

Answer 4

chelates heavy metals

Question 5

Structural analogs of pyrimidines and purines

Answer 5

can incorporate into nucleic acids and alter their functions. Used for cancer and antiviral chemotherapy.

Question 6

Phenoxybenzamine

Answer 6

Irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor blocker used in the txt of pheochromocytoma

Question 7

Aspirin & omeprazole

Answer 7

irreversible enzyme inhibitors

Question 8

Ketamine

Answer 8

Non-competitive antagonist

• It is an IV anesthetic
• It is a noncompetitive antagonist at NMDA receptors

Question 9

Protamine vs Heparin

Answer 9

chemical antagonist

Question 10

Epinephrine vs histamine

Answer 10

physiological antagonists

Question 11

Famotidine and metoprolol

Answer 11

Inverse agonists

- shift receptors to an inactive state.

Question 12

Imatinib (Gleevec)

Answer 12

Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor

Question 13

Cholinergic agonists: Direct acting drugs

Answer 13

Acetylcholine
Bethanechol
Carbachol
Methacholine
Muscarine
Arecoline
Pilocarpine
Nicotine

Question 14

Cholinergic agonists: AchE Inhibitors

Answer 14

Edrophonium
Physostigmine
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Echothiophate
Malathion
Parathion
Tabun
Sarin
Soman
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine

Question 15

Cholinergic agonists: Reactivator of AChE

Answer 15

Pralidoxime

Question 16

Cholinergic antagonists: Muscarinic Antagonists

Answer 16

Atropine
Scopolamine
Ipratropium
Tiotropium
Homatopine
Cyclopentolate
Tropicaminde
Benztropine
Trihexyphenidyl
Glycopyrolate
Tolterodine

Question 17

cholinergic antagonist: Ganglion Blockers

Answer 17

Mecamylamine
Trimethaphan
Hexamethonium
- were used for HTN

Question 18

Cholinergic antagonist: Neuromuscular blockers

Answer 18

Tubocurarine

Succinylcholine

Question 19

Cholinergic antagonist: Drugs that act presynaptically

Answer 19

Hemicholinium
Vesamicol
Botulinum Toxin

Question 20

Adrenergic agonists: Direct acting agonists

Answer 20

Endogenous catecholamines:
epinephirne
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Question 21

diphenhydramine

Answer 21

Antihistamine. H1 receptor antangonist used to treat allergic reactions.
- crosses BBB to antagonize R’s in CNS, leading to somnolence.

Question 22

Off Target effects

Answer 22

Terfenadine (an antihistamine), also inhibits a cardiac potassium channel (hERG). Drug has been withdrawn.

Enantiomers of drugs
-R and S thalidomide to treat morning sickness. R safe, S potent teratogen

Unintended activation of different recepors subtypes

Many receptors have many different subtypes (eg, P2Y recpetors > 8 KNown)

Question 23

Production of toxic metabolite

Answer 23

A drug metabolite can have an adverse effect. (eg. excess acteminophen & NAPQI)

Question 24

Quaternary ammmonium Muscarininc antagonists

Answer 24

Ipratropium and Tiotropium
- used as inhalation drugs in the txt of COPD
- and adjuvant for asthma therapy
- Bronchodilation [M3]
Glycopyrrolate:
- used orally to inibit GI motility
- Parenterally used to prevent bradycardia during surgical procedures

Question 25

Tertiary amines that indicated in parkinsonism

Answer 25

Benztropine & Trihexyphenidyl

- Restores balance of input after loss of dopamineric neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway

Question 26

Tertiary amines that cause Mydriasis and cycloplegia

Answer 26

Homatropine, cyclopentolate, Tropicamide

- Mydriasis and cycloplegia: preferred over atropine because of shorter duration of action

Question 27

Tertiary amine that relaxes smooth muscle and is used for txt of overactive bladder

Answer 27

Tolterodine

Question 28

what is the txt for Malignant hyperthermia caused by succinylcholine a cholinergic antagonist (neuromuscular blocker)?

Answer 28

Dantrolene

Question 29

cholinergic antagonists drug that acts presynaptically to block choline transporter [CHT1] thus preventing uptake and synthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 29

Hemicholinium