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Intro to Forensic Science > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

any substance that produces significant physiological or psychological changes which occur within a reasonable time after dosing and which result from an easily ingested dose

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2
Q

Drugs are used to:

A
  • sustain and prolong life
  • ease and manage pain, symptoms
  • release stress and pressure
  • experiment recreationally
  • end’s someone’s life
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3
Q

Common drugs

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco/nicotine
  • cocaine/ crack
  • marijuana
  • heroin
  • ecstasy
  • bath salts
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4
Q

Drugs used in the 1960’s

A

Hallucinogens, amphetamines, barbiturates

marijuana most widely abused illicit drug in the US

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5
Q

Drugs used in the 1970’s

A

heroin use and addiction becomes national problem in the US

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6
Q

Drugs used in the 1980’s/90’s

A

Cocaine/crack are drugs of choice

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7
Q

What is drug dependance?

A

An individual will demonstrate drug dependence when he/she becomes physically ill or psychologically disoriented when drug use is discontinued

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8
Q

What is the most abused drug in the Western world?

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

Physiological (Physical) Dependence

A

Occurs when someone takes a substance in increasing dosages because the body requires MORE of the substance for the same, not increased, effect

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10
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Occurs when the desire for a substance overtakes he rest of a person’s life

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11
Q

Six (6) basic categories of drugs

A
  • Narcotic drugs
  • Stimulants
  • Hallucinogens
  • Depressants, Hypnotics, and tranquilizers
  • Club Drugs
  • Performance enhancing drugs
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12
Q

Narcotics

A

Substances that bring relief from pain and produce sleep

  • also referred to as Analgesics
  • Used as pain killers legally
  • Used for euphoric purposes illegally
  • Regular use will result in physiological dependence
  • Sometimes used to describe any illicit substance
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13
Q

Opium

A

dried sap from a poppy plant

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14
Q

Morphine

A

largest single drug component in opium

Heroin: morphine + acetate groups

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15
Q

Codeine

A

second largest drug component in opium

  • Not as effective/addictive as morphine
  • Chemically structurally similar to morphine
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16
Q

OxyContin

A

synthetically produced but closely related to morphine and heroin

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17
Q

Heroin

A
  • usually found in glassine envelopes
  • not 100% pure (fillers include novocain, starch, levamisole, flour, etc)
  • Will have stamp on outside for marketing purposes
  • Cutting agents (levamisole, fentanyl)
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18
Q

Fentanyl

A

50-100% more potent than morphine

30-50% more potent than heroin

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19
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Used to increase an individual’s mental and physical energy level
  • Stimulate the central nervous system
  • Will suppress the desire to sleep
  • Will give a higher than normal energy level leading to a crash
20
Q

Cocaine:

Hydrochloride v. Base

A

Hydrochloride: powder, snorted
Base: crack, freebase, smoked

21
Q

Cocaine

A

Extracted from Erythroxylon coca plant leaves

Common use in the 1800s

Sigmund Freud, common pain relief in field workers

22
Q

Amphetamine

A
  • Stimulates the CNS
  • Creates the feeling of euphoria with hyperactivity
  • Quick rush followed by intense feelings of pleasure
  • Hallucinations are possible
  • Exhaustion and depression follow
23
Q

Methamphetamine

A
  • Was originally used to treat narcolepsy and other conditions
  • Became widely abused
  • Had limited medical uses
  • No longer commercially produced
  • “Clandestine Labs”
  • Not as potent as cocaine, but effects last longer
  • Smoked or inhaled
  • results in violent and destructive behavior
  • can cause acute psychosis
24
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • Used to significantly affect a user’s mental state
25
Drugs that cause hallucinations
``` Marijuana PCP LSD Mushrooms MDA/MDMA (Ecstasy) Bath Salts ```
26
Marijuana
Cannabis sativa - resin contains connabionoids with hallucinogenic properties - Cannabinol - Cannabidiol - Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Hashish Hash oil
27
Phencyclidine - PCP
- Angel dust - Made in clandestine laboratories - Simple chemicals - Aggression, unpleasant hallucinations - Used in conjunction with cigarettes, herbs, and marijuana - Has strong chemical smell
28
LSD
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - Small doses cause long and unpleasant hallucinations - Dosage is 30-50 ug = 1000x
29
Mushrooms
- From genus Psilocybe - Psilocin and Psilocibin are active ingredients - Spores are not illegal because they do not contain the active ingredients
30
Bath salts
- "new" to market - cause psychosis - stories of people running around naked, extremely aggressive - Packaged and sold as regular bath salts
31
Depressants, Hypnotics, and Tranquilizers
- Depress the CNS | - Tranquilizers relieve anxiety (alcohol, valium, rohypnol "roofies")
32
Club drugs
groups of drugs associated with raves, clubs, parties, etc. - Ecstasy - GHB - Ketamine: animal tranquilizer All are used in drug facilitated sexual assaults
33
Ecstasy
MDMA - legal until mid 1980's - Patented in 1914 - No use until 1950s - 1970s: Psychotherapists used for traumatized patients - Recreational use began in 1980s in Texas - 5/1/1985: DEA announces intent to add MDMA as Schedule I drug
34
Performance Enhancing Drugs
New concern to law enforcement
35
Anabolic Steroids
- used for rapid muscle building when used in conjunction with vigorous physical training - promote cell growth and division which result in the growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength
36
Controlled substance
a drug named in federal or state controlled substance statutes as illegal to possess other than when prescribed by a physician
37
Title 21 United States Code Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
- Classifies drugs into 5 schedules | - Scheduling is based on currently accepted medical use in the United States and potential for abuse
38
Schedule I
- high potential for abuse - no current accepted medical use in the US - Lack accepted safety for use in medicine Drugs include: - heroin - marijuana - LSD - Methaqualone
39
Schedule II
- High potential for abuse - Current accepted medical use in the US with severe restrictions - Potential for severe psychological or physical dependence Drugs include: - Opium and its derivatives not listened under Schedule I - Cocaine - Methadone - PCP - Dronabinol (synthetic THC)
40
Schedule III
- less potential for abuse vs. I and II - Currently accepted medical use in US - Potential for low/moderate physical dependence and high psychological dependence Drugs include: - Some codeine preparations - Barbiturate preparations (except those listed in Schedule II) - Anabolic steroids
41
Schedule IV
- Low potential for abuse, less than ill - current accepted medical use in the US - Limited dependence potential Drugs include: - darvon - phenobarbitol - tranquilizers like librium and valium
42
Schedule V
- low potential for abuse - current accepted medical use in the US - less potential for dependence vs. Schedule IV drugs Drugs include: - drug mixtures containing nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients, or mixtures that contain a drug from a previous schedule but in a very small amount.
43
What is the first step in processing a crime scene/evidence?
Recognition
44
What is the second stop in processing a crime scene/evidence?
Documentation
45
Packaging depends on the state of the material present:
Loose or packaged: - collect entire container - loose material: choose container that will now allow loss of material
46
Drug analysis begins with:
presumptive/screening tests
47
Drug Presumptive Tests
- Usually colored tests - Positive results indicate possible but not certain presence of drugs - May be done on scene or in lab

Intro to Forensic Science (12 decks)

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