Chapter 2 and 3 Powerpoint

Question 1

Recognition (scene)/ Examination (lab)

Answer 1

First Step

To know something because one has seen, heard, or experienced it before

Question 2

Classification

Answer 2

Second Step

Placing things into groups according to their basic characteristics

The process of placing an object within a similar group of objects

Exclusion is just as important as inclusion

Question 3

Exclusion

Answer 3

A demonstration that two objects do not have a connection, relationship, or association

Question 4

Individualization

Answer 4

Third Step

demonstration that an item is unique, even among members of the same class, or that two separate objects were at one time a single object/had a common source or origin

Question 5

Evaluation

Answer 5

Last Step

the process of putting together the evidence available with the objective of understanding the nature and sequence of events that created it

involves using physical evidence and the analyses on that evidence to understand the events that produced that same evidence

Question 6

Reconstruction of a Homicide

Answer 6

Bloodstain pattern analysis

Patterns in area where body was found

Patterns in area where body was suspected to be moved from

Nature of the wounds on body

Other physical evidence left behind (casings, weapons, clothing)

Question 7

Damage

Answer 7

Two or three dimension surfaces on evidence produced by tearing, cutting, breakage, and other processes

Cutting v tearing
Physical match

Question 8

Deposits

Answer 8

material that is laid down or left behind by a physical process

NOT A DIRECT TRANSFER

Examples: dust on a dresser, blood pattern on floor or wall, cast off pattern on ceiling,pollen on vehicle

Question 9

Imprints

Answer 9

two dimensional representation of an object left in some sort of medium when it has come into contact with a hard surface (blood, dust, paint, dirt)

Question 10

Indentation

Answer 10

three dimensional representation of an object when it has been impressed into a soft receiving surface (sand, snow, mud)

Question 11

Striations

Answer 11

result of a hard surface being marked by a hard object in motion along that surface

motion results in parallel/nearly parallel lines on the hard surface

toolmarks

Question 12

Purpose of laws

Answer 12

Resolve disputes

enforce order

Question 13

Probable cause

Answer 13

sufficient reason based on known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime

Question 14

1929: Frye v United States

Answer 14

Use of polygraph to determine whether the defendant was being truthful

Court did not allow results

Test is not reliable

Question 15

1993: Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Answer 15

Concerned with morning sickness drug that may have caused birth defects

Court issues guidelines for deciding the admissibility of scientific evidence in court

determines judge acts as gatekeeper when applying the criteria/guidelines for admitting the evidence

Question 16

Daubert states that scientific tests must be:

Answer 16

subjected to significant testing

generally accepted (Frye Criterion)

Subjected to error rate analysis

Peer reviewed

Question 17

Expert Witness

Answer 17

An individual whose training, knowledge, or experience, makes him/her a specialist in a subject and is deemed as qualified to give opinion testimony in a legal setting

Question 18

Crime scene investigation includes:

Answer 18

processing and analysis

requires a systematic approach

Question 19

Division of labor

Answer 19

Crime Scene: civilian vs. sworn

Laboratory Analysis

Investigations/Interviews/Interrogations/ Arrests

Question 20

First responders

Answer 20

emergency medical personnel

patrol officers

fire department

Question 21

Scene Security

Answer 21

establish a perimeter around the scene to keep unnecessary individuals (news reporters, public, other department personnel) from entering and contaminating the scene

Question 22

Three levels of security

Answer 22

Outer perimeter: news reporters and public

Middle Perimeter: staging area for crime scene/detectives, etc.

Inner Perimeter: surrounds immediate area (should have officer with crime scene log posted here)

Question 23

Preliminary Examination of the Scene

Answer 23

Initial Walk Through

What are the

• sights?
• smells?
• sounds?
• weather conditions

Question 24

Types of documentation

Answer 24

photography

video

written notes

sketches

Question 25

Types of photography

Answer 25

overall
mid range
close up

Question 26

Overall photographs

Answer 26

show the scene as it is upon arrival

up and down street
parking lot around building 
pictures from each directional point 
applies to area outside of building and inside building 
no focus on specific items

Question 27

Mid Range Photographs

Answer 27

show spatial relationship and locations of items of evidence

at scene and with each other

Question 28

Close up Photographs

Answer 28

Shows each item of evidence individually

with and without evidence marker

with and without scale

Question 29

Video Documentation

Answer 29

With or without audio
follows photographs
SLOW

Question 30

Sketch Documentation

Answer 30

Rough

Finished

Question 31

Written Note Documentation

Answer 31

Write down all observations

Times and Measurements - Approximately

Personnel at scene

Question 32

Four Common Search Patterns

Answer 32

Zone/Quadrant
Spiral
Line/Strip
Double Line/Strip

Question 33

After all documentation is complete:

Answer 33

the evidence is collected

Question 34

How to avoid contamination:

Answer 34

wear personal protection equipment

change ppe between collection and swabs

dont touch non evidence items

Question 35

Evidence Packaging

Answer 35

consider the nature of the evidence

consider the fragility of the evidence

consider the probative value of the evidence

Question 36

Questioned samples

Answer 36

samples from an unknown source

ex. fingerprint lifts

Question 37

Known/Control Samples

Answer 37

samples taken from a known source

used for comparison purposes

Question 38

Evidence labels should include:

Answer 38

case number
item number
description 
name and initials of personnel 
date collected

Question 39

Evidence packaging must include:

Answer 39

evidence label
tape and heat seal
initials of personnel who sealed
may include chain of custody

Question 40

Chain of Custody

Answer 40

Written record of possession of evidence

may be found on packaging, may be on property sheet, may be done electronically with barcodes