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Intro to Forensic Science > Chapter 5 and 7 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 7 Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Reconstruction Patterns

A

generally cannot be collected; documented only

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2
Q

Identification patterns

A

can generally be collected and preserved; documented and collected; involves comparison between Q vs K samples

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3
Q

Questioned Specimen

A

Q, unknown crime scene sample; unknown origin

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4
Q

Known specimen

A

k, control comparison sample; known origin

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5
Q

K vs. Q = not a match

A

Exclusion; K is excluded an the origin of Q

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6
Q

K vs. Q = not enough information to determine

A

inconclusive; no conclusion can be drawn either way

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7
Q

K vs. Q = match

A

inclusion, K is included as the origin of Q

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8
Q

Inclusions

A

known sample is included as your source; can be a person or an item associated with a person (finger, shoe, tire, weapon)

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9
Q

exclusions

A

a known and questioned specimen do not match and could have had a common origin; absolute; just as important as inclusions and identification; DO NOT CONFUSE WITH inconclusive

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10
Q

inconclusive

A

if there are a few details present that do match, but not enough for an id, the examiner cannot exclude that Q and K are from the same source

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11
Q

individualization pattern comparisons

A
  1. physical match
  2. comparison of impression marks (footwear/tire mark; fingerprints; firearms and tool marks)
  3. shape and form comparison (handwriting comparison / questioned document examination)

Make sure same specimens are being compared.

General orientation of impressions is being compared (left v right shoe)

Compare class characteristics (category)

Compare individual characteristics (what is different)

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12
Q

Class Characteristics

A

defines class or category that objects belong to; not sufficient to define individuality alone; two categories - general and limited; result of manufacturing (rips in jeans, pattern on the bottom of shoe. etc.)

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13
Q

General class characteristics

A

characteristics intentionally produced by the manufacturing process; standard for every make and model of the item

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14
Q

limited class characteristic

A

characteristics unintentionally produced by the manufacturing process; unique to a certain mold, imperfections in the mold used

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15
Q

individual characteristics

A

accidental/ unintentional; random marks from wear; sufficient number of these will allow an examiner to make an indentification

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16
Q

physical match

A

matches between or among pieces of randomly fractured, torn, or cut object that might show that the pieces were originally part of the same item (find the origin)

Direct match: primary/first order

Indirect match: secondary/second order

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17
Q

direct physical match can occur if:

A
  • the fractured or torn pieces are from a solid object
  • the solid object is expected to fracture randomly
  • the pieces can be matched back together
    (capable of being realigned, cannot be forced back together, all of the pieces are available for a direct match. If there are pieces missing, it is an indirect match)
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18
Q

Examples of motors vehicle physical matches

A

paint chips; headlights; grill; exterior mirrors; lights; trim pieces

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19
Q

Examples of burglary physical matches

A

paint chips; wood; tools; glass; doors/trims

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20
Q

Examples of bicycle physical matches

A

reflectors; lights; tires; spokes

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21
Q

Examples of miscellaneous physical matches

A

buttons; fingerprints; knives; bones; stones

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22
Q

Indirect physical match can occur if

A

some portions of the item are missing; the item is not solid (fabric); the item has distorted or poorly define edges

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23
Q

An indirect match is often the result of

A

a complex pattern that reaches across the boundaries of each piece.

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24
Q

Examples of indirect matches

A

matches; paper documents; money; checks; stamps; sheet plastic; etc.

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25
Q

Impression

A

encompasses imprints and indentations

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26
Q

Imprints

A

2D representation of an object in some kind of medium on a hard surface

27
Q

Indentations

A

3D representation of an object left in a soft, impressionable surface.

28
Q

Striation

A

a number of parallel or nearly parallel lines or scratches on a surface inscribed by another object passing over that surface

Usually tool marks made by a tool passing over a hard surface; can be a tool or object; can be striation marks on bullet surfaces from rifling on barrels of firearms

29
Q

After recognition of the impression marks, what is the next step?

A

Documentation

30
Q

Photographs should show:

A

location of the impression in the scene (overall and mid range photos)

impression with an evidence marker next to it (close up photos)

comparison quality photographs may replace/ supplement cast

31
Q

Comparison Quality Photographs

A
  1. film plane parallel
  2. scale at same depth as impression
  3. side light technique for indentations
  4. bracket exposure
32
Q

What is the best way to collect an impression?

A

Take the entire item when possible

33
Q

If taking the entire item is not possible or necessary

A

lifts and casts are used for impression evidence

34
Q

Collection and Preservation of Impressions

A
  • tape lifts
  • gel lifts
  • accutrans
  • mikrosil
  • electrostatic dust lifter
  • casts (plaster of paris, dental stone)
35
Q

Comparison Specimens: Footwear

A

Some has to wear the suspected shoe, somewhere

36
Q

Comparison Specimens: Tire marks

A

The suspected tire should be on the suspected care, somewhere

37
Q

Comparison Specimens: Friction Ridge Impressions

A
  • rolled ten print card
  • major case record
  • barefoot impression
38
Q

Comparison Specimens: Fire arms

A

test fire with suspected weapon and ammunition

39
Q

Patterns may be difficult to analyze or compare because of:

A

poor visibility; lack of medium; interference between pattern evidence and complex background

40
Q

Photographic Techniques

A

Side lighting
UV light
ALS
Filters

41
Q

Physical and Chemical development techniques

A

luminol/ blue star
amido black
leucocrystal violet

42
Q

digital imaging

A

photo shop

image pro

43
Q

Questioned document

A

any means of communication that is suspect, entirely or in part, as to authenticity of its origin

44
Q

With questioned document, it can examine and compare:

A

handwriting, typewriting, copier output, looking for erasures, looking for alterations, sequence of writing and printing

45
Q

alteration

A

a change in the physical appearance or meaning of something, often only slightly

46
Q

authenticate

A

to prove that something is real, true, or what it is purported to be

47
Q

forgery

A

to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive

48
Q

examination and comparison of handwriting is

A

scientific and technical

49
Q

Questioned document examination

A

starts with basic handwriting style; handwriting style and major characteristics are set by the time formal education is finished

50
Q

Question document examination class characteristics

A

may see similarities in people from the same countries

51
Q

Question documentation examination individual characteristics

A

normal variations

52
Q

Three basic parts associated with a document that can yield useful information

A
  • the writing surface
  • the writing instrument
  • the transfer medium
53
Q

Writing Surface

A

paper - most common

expensive or cheap?
high content of cotton fibers
surface treatment (coating or sizing)
mechanically pulped or chemically pulped wood

54
Q

Writing Instrument

A

Ball point pens (different mechanics of pens; ball point INK)

ink delivery varies from pen to pen

ink compositions

55
Q

Evidence (questioned) and control (known) samples must be:

A

in a sufficient amount = lots of control samples

pristine condition

original writings

not copies

56
Q

Known standards for a questioned document

A

collected writing; requested ordered writings

57
Q

Collected writings

A

must useful knowns; most difficult to obtain; samples of subjects life experience and history; original writing preferred; must be authenticated

58
Q

Requested (ordered) writings

A

voluntary; court order; direct from the subject; carefully controlled conditions (sample writing must be dictated to subject; no spelling grammar corrections; should take upwards 20-30 samples of the sam dictation

59
Q

Writing mechanics

A

how a letter is written; letter shapes; connections between letters; where pressure was applied; word and letter spacing; other subtle characteristics of the writing

60
Q

Handprinting

A

non cursive writing; letters are individually formed; not normally connected

61
Q

Daubert Issues w/ Questioned Documenti Examination

A

Handwriting comparison and identification has been accepted in the legal system for about 100 years

Questioned whether or not is it actually scientific or technical

may be accepted or may be challenged

62
Q

FBI

A

Footwear and Tire tread Database (manufacture information, previously submitted case information)

63
Q

NIJ

A

TreadMark; SoleMate; TreadMate

Intro to Forensic Science (12 decks)

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