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Intro to Forensic Science > Chapter 4 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Collection of Evidence Rule

A

Take the item when you can (floor; door; car; portion of wall)

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2
Q

If you can’t take the evidence, what is the next best thing?

A

Documentation

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3
Q

2 types of pattern evidence

A

Individualization Patterns and Reconstruction Patterns

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4
Q

Individualization Pattern

A

pattern evidence that can potentially uniquely associate the pattern with the item or person responsible for producing it (fingerprints; palm prints; handwriting; tool marks)

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5
Q

Reconstruction pattern

A

pattern evidence useful in reconstructing past events; it is not only the evidence that is important, but how it got there and became evidence. (blood splatter; glass fracture; tire and skid mark; clothing; fire burn; wound injury)

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6
Q

Most reconstruction patterns are

A

crime scene patterns

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7
Q

blood stain pattern

A

a grouping or distribution of bloodstains that indicate through regular or repetitive form or order, or arrangement, the manny in which the pattern was deposited (SWGSTAIN)

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8
Q

blood splatter pattern

A

pattern of dried blood on a surface resulting from an event that causes blood to exit the body and/or be broken into particles and distributed by force (BOOK)

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9
Q

SWGSTAIN

A

Scientific Working Group on Blood Pattern Analysis; made up of blood pattern analysts (BPAS) from North America, Europe, New Zealand, and Australia; determine recommend guidelines and terminology for use by all BPAs

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10
Q

Blood forms predictable patterns when it falls or is projected or impacts a surface because:

A
  1. it follows standard physical laws

2. makeup - viscosity, density, and other physical properties

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11
Q

Blood stain

A

a deposit of blood on a surface

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12
Q

target

A

the surface onto which the blood has been deposited

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13
Q

directionality

A

characteristic of a bloodstain that indicates the direction of blood was moving at the time of deposition

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14
Q

angle of impact

A

acute angle relative to the plane of a target at which a blood drop strikes a target

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15
Q

drip stain

A

bloodstain resulting from a falling drop due to gravity

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16
Q

drip trail

A

bloodstain pattern resulting from movement of a source of drip stains between two points

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17
Q

pool

A

bloodstain resulting from an accumulation of blood on the surface

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18
Q

splash pattern

A

bloodstain pattern resulting from a volume of liquid blood that falls or spills onto a surface

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19
Q

swipe pattern

A

blood stain pattern resulting from the transfer of blood from a blood bearing surface onto another surface, with characteristics that indicate relative motion between the two surfaces

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20
Q

Wipe Pattern

A

altered blood stain pattern resulting from an object moving through a pre existing wet bloodstain

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21
Q

Three classifications of blood stain patterns

A
  • low velocity
  • medium velocity
  • high velocity
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22
Q

Low Velocity

A

blood stain pattern formed cased by falling blood; gravity is the only acting force on the blood; typically drip patterns

23
Q

Medium velocity

A

bloodstain pattern formed when moderate force from an object acts upon a pooled area of blood and causes the blood to “scatter” in all directions; drops are smaller and greater in number than with low velocity bloodstain pattern

24
Q

High velocity

A

blood stain pattern that results from extreme force acting upon a blood source; drops are much smaller (like aerosol spray) and more numerous vs. Medium velocity)

25
Q

angle of impact

A

acute angle relative to the plane of a target at which a blood drop strikes a target

26
Q

at 90 degrees on a non-absorbant surface, the resulting bloodstain will be:

A

round

27
Q

the further away from 90 degrees the impact occurs/the more the angle change, the resulting stain will be:

A

elliptical in shape

28
Q

Factors affecting blood patterns and blood pattern interpretation

A
  • target surface
  • ambient environment
  • air/wind currents
  • activities of people
  • source of blood
29
Q

Determining which side of a glass surface was struck by an object can be a:

A

crime scene reconstruction issue

30
Q

Cone shaped pattern

A

when glass is fractured and in tact; applies to skulls/walls/doors/other surfaces

31
Q

Hackle marks

A

some glass is fractured and no longer in tact (windows)

32
Q

When glass breaks, it forms:

A

radial and tangential fractures

33
Q

radial fractures

A

appear to radiate out from the center of the hole made by a projectile

34
Q

tangential fractures

A

encircle a hole made by a projectile

35
Q

Track and trial patterns can be caused by:

A

footwear, socks, stockings, bare feet, walking, dragging a body; faded or a light bloody trail patterns may need to be enhanced

36
Q

Track and trial patterns can help an investigator determine:

A
  • the number of people at a scene
  • their movements
  • where they went
  • the type of footwear, if any
37
Q

Tire and Skid Mark Patterns are used for

A

accident reconstruction purposes

38
Q

Tire and skid mark patterns can help an investigator determine:

A

number of vehicles, location of vehicles, direction of movement, and length of skid marks can help by determining the speed of the vehicle at the time the breaks were applied

39
Q

When looking at clothing, look at:

A

cuts, tears, inside out, defects, and dirt and grass stains

40
Q

Gunshot residue patterns are produced when:

A

a fire arm is discharged

41
Q

Gun shot residue consists of:

A

burned and unburned powder particles; primer residue; traces of lead from bullet; dirt, lubricant; other debris

42
Q

Gun shot residue may be found:

A

hands of the shooter; or on a target surface as long as the muzzle to target distance is not too far

43
Q

Estimation of muzzle to target distance

A

a series of test firings are done using the same weapon and ammunition as the ones thought to have been used; the test patterns are then compared to the scene patterns to make an estimate of shooting distance

44
Q

Gun shot residue on human skin:

A

Stipling may occur (unburned particles of gunpowder found in skin around wound). Also called tattooing

45
Q

Why estimate muzzle to target distance?

A
  • To resolve weapon to target distance dispute
  • reliability of a victim statement
  • reliability of a witness statement
  • reliability of a suspect statement
46
Q

Ballistics

A

the physics of firearms projectile flight through the air

47
Q

wound ballistics

A

wounding and wound patterns made by various projectiles

48
Q

Trajectory Reconstruction

A

used to estimate the position of a shooter from holes or impacts made by a bullet; movements can sometimes also be reconstructed

49
Q

Fire burn patterns

A

cause of fire, origin of fire, pathway of fire, estimates of temperature, fuel

50
Q

Criminal Profiling

A

application of psychology and of knowledge developed from past similar offense and offenders to create hypothetical picture of an offender in an unsolved case

51
Q

Modus Operandi

A

habits followed by a repeat offender in committing crimes

52
Q

Modus Operandi Patterns and profiling are only used occasionally because:

A
  • limited number of trained professionals
  • best developed for serial murders and rapists
  • profiling does not identify a specific person
  • used as an aid, not relied upon completely
53
Q

Damage pattern

A

patterns seen on clothing; defect from bullet; scraped on road/grass/ cut/ torn/ dirt etc.

Intro to Forensic Science (12 decks)

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