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Intro to Forensic Science > Chapter 6 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Powerpoint Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can fingerprints be used for personal identification?

A

Unique

Persistent

Classifiable

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2
Q

Changes in fingerprints only occur because of

A

injury

disease

decomposition after death

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3
Q

Friction ridge skin

A

the skin on the fingertips, palms of hands, soles of feet

characterized by patterns of ridges and furrows (hills and valleys)

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4
Q

Why are fingerprints classifiable?

A

Arches
Loops
Whorls

Variations and sub categories exist within these three patterns

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5
Q

Fingerprints are:

A

persistant and unchanging

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6
Q

Fingerprint patterns are formed during:

A

early embryonic gestation (8-12 weeks)

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7
Q

Genetic composition may:

A

play a role in determining which patterns develop. but are not totally responsible

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8
Q

Identical twins:

A

have the same genetic makeup but different fingerprints

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9
Q

Minutiae

A

features present within patterns of fingerprints

Crucial to fingerprint examination

Individualizing characteristics

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10
Q

Minutiae are formed by ridges:

A

ending abruptly (ending ridge)

splitting into two ridges (bifurcation)

being short (dot)

These are considered primary minutiae

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11
Q

Nehemiah Grew

A

First person to study and describe ridges, furrows, and pores on the hand and foot surfaces.

First fingerprint pioneer

Published accurate drawings of finger patterns and palm areas

Made no mention of fingerprint uniqueness

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12
Q

Marcello Malpighi

A

Researched the functions of the human skin

Observed ridges of palmer surfaces under microscope

Briefly mentioned ridge detail in his publications but did not talk about individuality

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13
Q

Alphonse Bertillon

A

Devised the first scientific method of criminal identification, Anthropometry

System of bodily measurements for personal identification

11 measurements

Drawbacks: people gain and lose weight, inaccurate measurements taken by officers

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14
Q

Will West v William West

A

Leavenworth Prison

Will West = new prisoner

Staff member thought he had entered the measurements before

Same measurements fit prisoner William West, already incarcerated

Looked similar

Not related to each other

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15
Q

Juan Vucetich

A

Police department in Argentina

Value of fingerprints as a means of criminal identification

First recorded case: was murder in 1892

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16
Q

Classification Systems are based on:

A

ten print fingerprint standards from criminals

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17
Q

Classification Systems are not for:

A

search individual fingerprints to partial single prints

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18
Q

AFIS

A

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

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19
Q

Two principal applications for AFIS:

A

searching files for the presence of a ten print record

searching files for single prints from crime scenes

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20
Q

Why are their different AFISs?

A

different vendors use different technologies

Different system are usually not compatible with one another

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21
Q

Two Types of AFIS profiles held:

A

Known files (ten print records)

Unknown files/ Forensic Files (unsolved cases) –> can link cases when same print is submitted to unknown portion from different crimes

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22
Q

FBI Criminal fingerprint database is:

A

IAFIS: Integrated AFIS

23
Q

Why would we not find fingerprints at every scene?

A

gloves worn, wiped or smudged, item was not touched, environment, surface condition, subject

24
Q

Makeup of fingerprints

A
  1. 5% water

1. 5% organic and inorganic materials (amino acids, creatine, fatty acids)

25
Q

Three Types of finger impressions

A

latent, patent, plastic

26
Q

Latent

A

invisible; made of perspiration and oils; need to be physically or chemically developed to be visible

27
Q

Patent

A

visible prints

made in blood, paint, grease, ink, etc.

do not need to be developed to be visualized

may be enhanced using chemical methods

28
Q

Plastic prints

A

3D impression

left in soft, pliable surface

chocolate, butter, cheese, wax

creates negative impression

29
Q

Physical Development Methods for Fingerprints

A

Cyanoacrylate Ester Fuming (super glue)

Fingerprint powder

Fluorescent powder

magnetic powder

30
Q

Chemical Development for Fingerprints

A

Iodine
Ninhydrin
Indandione

31
Q

Iodine

A

Reacts with starches, print will be brown in color

use on porous surfaces

affixed using heat

will develop old prints

unstable, must be photographed quickly

32
Q

Ninhydrin

A

Reacts with amino acids, print will be purple in color

Can be used after iodine

use on porous surfaces

33
Q

Indandione

A

reacts with amino acids

use on porous surfaces

fluoresces with ALS

34
Q

Dye Stains

A

Use after CA fuming

Fluorescence examination

35
Q

Arch

A

simplest fingerprint pattern

formed ridges that enter on one side and exit on the other

No deltas

Two types: plain and tented

Does not have: looping ridge, upthrust, recurve

36
Q

Delta

A

that point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence to two type lines

located at or directly in from of the point of divergence

37
Q

Core

A

the approximate center of the pattern

38
Q

Loop

A

one or more ridges enter upon either side, recurve, touch, or pass through an imaginary in between delta and core, and pass out upon the same side as they entered

39
Q

Three basic requirements for a loop

A

sufficient recurve
one delta
ridge count across as looping ridge

40
Q

Two types of loops

A

Ulnar and Radial

41
Q

Ulnar loop

A

flow toward the ulna bone (pinky)

42
Q

radial loop

A

flow toward the radius bone (thumb)

43
Q

Whorl minimum requirements

A

two deltas, recurve in front of each delta

44
Q

four types of whorls

A

plain

central pocket

double loop

accidental

45
Q

Plain whorl

A

one or more ridges which make a complete circuit

two deltas

at least one recurving ridge within inner pattern when imaginary line is drawn between two deltas

46
Q

central pocket whorl

A

similar to a plain whorl

imaginary line drawn from delta to delta must not touch a recurving ridge in front of the inner delta

47
Q

double loop whorl

A

consists of two separate loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas

48
Q

The purpose of an examination is to:

A

determine the source of a print

exclude the source of a print

49
Q

ACE - V

A

Analysis
Comparison
Examination
Verification

50
Q

Analysis

A

The assessment of a print as it appears on a substrate

Separate print into its components: substrate, matrix, development medium, distortion, etc.

Establish level of details available

Determine if print is sufficient for comparison purposes

51
Q

Comparison

A

Determine whether details in two prints are in agreement based on:

similarity

sequence

spatial relationship

52
Q

Evaluation

A

Final determination made for agreement or disagreement of details present in the questioned and known prints

53
Q

Verification

A

Independent examination by another examiner

ACE methodology applied

Blind v Non Blind

54
Q

SWGFAST

A

Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis, Study, and Technology

Intro to Forensic Science (12 decks)

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