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drugs Flashcards

1
Q

anesthetic agents

A

any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness

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2
Q

adjunct

A

drug that is not true anesthetic to produce desires effects

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3
Q

what do anesthetic drugs provide

A

sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, neuroblockage, parasympathetic blockade

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

effect the body has on a drug

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

effect drug has on the body

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6
Q

agonist

A

bind and stimulate target tissue, most anesthetic and adjuncts are agonists

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7
Q

anatagonists

A

reversal agent for agonists, prevent agonist from stimulating

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8
Q

analgesia

A

no pain perception, pre and post op, do not provide general anesthesia

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9
Q

preanesthetic drugs

A

calm and sedate, minimize adverse effects, reduce dose for induction, smoother induction, analgesia, muscle relaxation

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10
Q

parasympathetic drugs

A

block acetylcholine, prevent or treat brady cardia, atropine and glycopyrrolate

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11
Q

anticholinergics effects on CNS

A

limited effect

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12
Q

anticholinergic effects on CVS

A

prevent bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias

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13
Q

anticholinergic effects on resp system

A

decreased secretions but become thicker, may cause airway blockage, bronchodilation

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14
Q

example of phenothiazines

A

ace

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15
Q

uses of ace

A

premed, decreased dose of gen anesthesia, used with opioids

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16
Q

is there a reversal agent for ace

A

no

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17
Q

ace effects on CNS

A

calming, reluctant to move, decreased interest in surroundings, reduce seizure threshold, may produce aggression or excitement

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18
Q

ace effects on CVS

A

peripheral dilation, hypotension, increased HR, protects against arrhythmias, and decreases cardiac output

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19
Q

ace effects on resp

A

not significant

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20
Q

ace effects on GI

A

anitiemetic

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21
Q

ace can cause _______ in horses and large animals

A

penile prolapse

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22
Q

uses of Ace

A

increased potency and duration

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23
Q

breeds sensitive to ace

A

aussies, large breeds, boxers, greyhounds, terriers, cats

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24
Q

benzodiazepines

A

tranquilizer, controlled, reversible

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25
benzo effects on CNS
calming, antianxiety, disorientation, dysphoria, aggression, ataxia, recumbency
26
benzo effects on CNS
minimal effects, high margin of safety
27
benzodiazepines can be used as an appetite stimulant in ______
cats
28
examples of benzodiazepines
diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam
29
Alpha 2 Agonist
stimulate alpha 2 receptors of sympathetic nervous system (no fight or flight response)
30
uses of A2 agonists
sedation, analgesia
31
effects of A2 agonists on CNS
ataxia, startle, analgesia
32
effects of A2 agonists on CVS
bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias
33
effects of A2 agonists on resp. system
depression
34
who should avoid A2 agonists
geriatric, pregnant animals, pediatrics
35
xylazine
2% small animals, 10% horses, 1/10 horse dose for cows
36
detomidine
used in horses for sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, standing sedation with butorph
37
romifidine
produces less ataxia
38
dexmedetomidine
Dexdomitor, sedation and analgesia, more potent and safer than xylazine, can be used as premed
39
antagonist for dexmedetomidine
atipamozole
40
Alpha 2 Antagonists
reverse all effects of agonist
41
A2 antagonist side effects
analgesia, sedation, bradycardia, signs of OD: excitement, muscle tremors, hypotension, tachycardia, salivation, diarrhea
42
tolazoline
non specific a2 antagonist, 1:10 dose ratio with xylazine in ruminants, reverses CVS and sedative effects
43
yohimbine
reversal for xylazine, dogs and horses = 10:1 cats = 2:1
44
atipamezole
Antisedan, reversal of dexmedetomidine, 1/2 dose in cats, use 5-10 min after injection
45
opioid agonists
stimulate the mu and kappa receptors
46
examples of opioid agonists
moprhine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, meperidine
47
opioid partial agonist
partially stimulate mu and kappa receptors
48
example of partial agonist
buprenorphine
49
opioid agonist-antagonist
target both mu and kappa targets but only stimulate the kappa
50
examples of ag-antag
butorphanol, nalbuphine
51
opioid antagonist
bind to mu and kappa but do not stimulate
52
examples of opioid antagonist
naloxone, etorphine, carfentenil
53
effects of opioids on CNS
anxiety, disorientation, dysphoria, miosis in dogs, mydriasis in cats and horses
54
effects of opioids on CVS
bradycardia
55
effects of opioids on respiratory
low rr, low tidal volume, panting
56
effects of opioids on body temp
decrease in dogs and increase in cats
57
neuroletptanalgesia
profound sedation and analgesia (opioid mixed with tranquilizer)
58
propofol
ultra-short acting, non barbiturate used for IV induction, egg based, fat soluble,
59
onset of propofol
30-60 seconds
60
duration of propofol
5-10 min
61
complete recovery from propofol
20 min in dogs and 30 in cats
62
effects of propofol on CNS
dose dependent depression from sedation to general, no analgesia
63
effects of propofol on CVS
depression, hypotension
64
effects of propofol on resp
apnea
65
other effects of propofol
twitching, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulant, decrease IOP or ICP
66
if seizure occurs from use of propofol, administer________
diazepam
67
effects on cats with repeat doses of propofol
Heinz bodies, diarrhea, prolonged recovery
68
________ also have a long recovery from propofol
sight hounds
69
do not give propofol to __________
hypoproteinemic patients
70
propoflo-28 has _____ day shelf life
28
71
alfaxalone
ultra-short acting injection, similar to propofol, no preservatives
72
ketamine
when used alone: minor procedures in cats when mixed with other drugs: general anesthesia
73
ketamine may be given ___ to feral cats
PO
74
peak action of ketamine
1-2 min IV, 10 min IM
75
avoid ketamine in patients with ______ or ______ disease
liver, kidney
76
effects of ketamine on CVS
^ HR, ^ cardiac output, ^BP, hallucinations, nystagmus
77
avoid ketamine in _______, ________, and ________
seizure patients, head trauma, and cvs disease
78
catalepsy
muscle rigidity, P not responsive
79
tiletamine hydrochloride
combination with benzodiazepine, IM or IV, sedation and analgesia, controlled substance
80
ketamine with diazepam (or midazolam)
equal volumes, onset 30-90 seconds, duration 5-10 min, recovery 30-60 min
81
etomidate
non controlled, sedative hypnotic drug similar to propofol
82
uses of etomidate
minimal effects of CVS and resp. pain with IV injection, hypnosis, little analgesia, decreased O2 consumption, anticonvulsant
83
effects of etomidate
initial hypotension, initial apnea, relaxation, nausea, muscle twitching
84
guaifenesin
non controlled muscle relaxant, large animals, not anesthetic or analgesic
85
effects of guaifenesin
no effects on diaphragm, minimal effects on CVS and resp, muscle rigidity, apneustic respiration, hemolysis
86
halogenated organic compounds
iso and sevo, liquid at room temp, vaporized in O2
87
effects of iso on CNS
dose related reversible depression, hypothermia, ^ ICP, safe for status epilepticus
88
effects of iso on CVS
depression, low BP, ^ renal blood flow,
89
effects of iso on resp.
dose dependent depression, hypoventilation, CO2 retention

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