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drugs Flashcards

1
Q

anesthetic agents

A

any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness

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2
Q

adjunct

A

drug that is not true anesthetic to produce desires effects

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3
Q

what do anesthetic drugs provide

A

sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, neuroblockage, parasympathetic blockade

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

effect the body has on a drug

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

effect drug has on the body

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6
Q

agonist

A

bind and stimulate target tissue, most anesthetic and adjuncts are agonists

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7
Q

anatagonists

A

reversal agent for agonists, prevent agonist from stimulating

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8
Q

analgesia

A

no pain perception, pre and post op, do not provide general anesthesia

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9
Q

preanesthetic drugs

A

calm and sedate, minimize adverse effects, reduce dose for induction, smoother induction, analgesia, muscle relaxation

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10
Q

parasympathetic drugs

A

block acetylcholine, prevent or treat brady cardia, atropine and glycopyrrolate

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11
Q

anticholinergics effects on CNS

A

limited effect

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12
Q

anticholinergic effects on CVS

A

prevent bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias

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13
Q

anticholinergic effects on resp system

A

decreased secretions but become thicker, may cause airway blockage, bronchodilation

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14
Q

example of phenothiazines

A

ace

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15
Q

uses of ace

A

premed, decreased dose of gen anesthesia, used with opioids

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16
Q

is there a reversal agent for ace

A

no

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17
Q

ace effects on CNS

A

calming, reluctant to move, decreased interest in surroundings, reduce seizure threshold, may produce aggression or excitement

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18
Q

ace effects on CVS

A

peripheral dilation, hypotension, increased HR, protects against arrhythmias, and decreases cardiac output

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19
Q

ace effects on resp

A

not significant

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20
Q

ace effects on GI

A

anitiemetic

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21
Q

ace can cause _______ in horses and large animals

A

penile prolapse

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22
Q

uses of Ace

A

increased potency and duration

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23
Q

breeds sensitive to ace

A

aussies, large breeds, boxers, greyhounds, terriers, cats

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24
Q

benzodiazepines

A

tranquilizer, controlled, reversible

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25
Q

benzo effects on CNS

A

calming, antianxiety, disorientation, dysphoria, aggression, ataxia, recumbency

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26
Q

benzo effects on CNS

A

minimal effects, high margin of safety

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27
Q

benzodiazepines can be used as an appetite stimulant in ______

A

cats

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28
Q

examples of benzodiazepines

A

diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam

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29
Q

Alpha 2 Agonist

A

stimulate alpha 2 receptors of sympathetic nervous system (no fight or flight response)

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30
Q

uses of A2 agonists

A

sedation, analgesia

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31
Q

effects of A2 agonists on CNS

A

ataxia, startle, analgesia

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32
Q

effects of A2 agonists on CVS

A

bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias

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33
Q

effects of A2 agonists on resp. system

A

depression

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34
Q

who should avoid A2 agonists

A

geriatric, pregnant animals, pediatrics

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35
Q

xylazine

A

2% small animals, 10% horses, 1/10 horse dose for cows

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36
Q

detomidine

A

used in horses for sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, standing sedation with butorph

37
Q

romifidine

A

produces less ataxia

38
Q

dexmedetomidine

A

Dexdomitor, sedation and analgesia, more potent and safer than xylazine, can be used as premed

39
Q

antagonist for dexmedetomidine

A

atipamozole

40
Q

Alpha 2 Antagonists

A

reverse all effects of agonist

41
Q

A2 antagonist side effects

A

analgesia, sedation, bradycardia,
signs of OD: excitement, muscle tremors, hypotension, tachycardia, salivation, diarrhea

42
Q

tolazoline

A

non specific a2 antagonist, 1:10 dose ratio with xylazine in ruminants, reverses CVS and sedative effects

43
Q

yohimbine

A

reversal for xylazine, dogs and horses = 10:1 cats = 2:1

44
Q

atipamezole

A

Antisedan, reversal of dexmedetomidine, 1/2 dose in cats, use 5-10 min after injection

45
Q

opioid agonists

A

stimulate the mu and kappa receptors

46
Q

examples of opioid agonists

A

moprhine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, meperidine

47
Q

opioid partial agonist

A

partially stimulate mu and kappa receptors

48
Q

example of partial agonist

A

buprenorphine

49
Q

opioid agonist-antagonist

A

target both mu and kappa targets but only stimulate the kappa

50
Q

examples of ag-antag

A

butorphanol, nalbuphine

51
Q

opioid antagonist

A

bind to mu and kappa but do not stimulate

52
Q

examples of opioid antagonist

A

naloxone, etorphine, carfentenil

53
Q

effects of opioids on CNS

A

anxiety, disorientation, dysphoria, miosis in dogs, mydriasis in cats and horses

54
Q

effects of opioids on CVS

A

bradycardia

55
Q

effects of opioids on respiratory

A

low rr, low tidal volume, panting

56
Q

effects of opioids on body temp

A

decrease in dogs and increase in cats

57
Q

neuroletptanalgesia

A

profound sedation and analgesia (opioid mixed with tranquilizer)

58
Q

propofol

A

ultra-short acting, non barbiturate used for IV induction, egg based, fat soluble,

59
Q

onset of propofol

A

30-60 seconds

60
Q

duration of propofol

61
Q

complete recovery from propofol

A

20 min in dogs and 30 in cats

62
Q

effects of propofol on CNS

A

dose dependent depression from sedation to general, no analgesia

63
Q

effects of propofol on CVS

A

depression, hypotension

64
Q

effects of propofol on resp

65
Q

other effects of propofol

A

twitching, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulant, decrease IOP or ICP

66
Q

if seizure occurs from use of propofol, administer________

67
Q

effects on cats with repeat doses of propofol

A

Heinz bodies, diarrhea, prolonged recovery

68
Q

________ also have a long recovery from propofol

A

sight hounds

69
Q

do not give propofol to __________

A

hypoproteinemic patients

70
Q

propoflo-28 has _____ day shelf life

71
Q

alfaxalone

A

ultra-short acting injection, similar to propofol, no preservatives

72
Q

ketamine

A

when used alone: minor procedures in cats
when mixed with other drugs: general anesthesia

73
Q

ketamine may be given ___ to feral cats

74
Q

peak action of ketamine

A

1-2 min IV, 10 min IM

75
Q

avoid ketamine in patients with ______ or ______ disease

A

liver, kidney

76
Q

effects of ketamine on CVS

A

^ HR, ^ cardiac output, ^BP, hallucinations, nystagmus

77
Q

avoid ketamine in _______, ________, and ________

A

seizure patients, head trauma, and cvs disease

78
Q

catalepsy

A

muscle rigidity, P not responsive

79
Q

tiletamine hydrochloride

A

combination with benzodiazepine, IM or IV, sedation and analgesia, controlled substance

80
Q

ketamine with diazepam (or midazolam)

A

equal volumes, onset 30-90 seconds, duration 5-10 min, recovery 30-60 min

81
Q

etomidate

A

non controlled, sedative hypnotic drug similar to propofol

82
Q

uses of etomidate

A

minimal effects of CVS and resp. pain with IV injection, hypnosis, little analgesia, decreased O2 consumption, anticonvulsant

83
Q

effects of etomidate

A

initial hypotension, initial apnea, relaxation, nausea, muscle twitching

84
Q

guaifenesin

A

non controlled muscle relaxant, large animals, not anesthetic or analgesic

85
Q

effects of guaifenesin

A

no effects on diaphragm, minimal effects on CVS and resp, muscle rigidity, apneustic respiration, hemolysis

86
Q

halogenated organic compounds

A

iso and sevo, liquid at room temp, vaporized in O2

87
Q

effects of iso on CNS

A

dose related reversible depression, hypothermia, ^ ICP, safe for status epilepticus

88
Q

effects of iso on CVS

A

depression, low BP, ^ renal blood flow,

89
Q

effects of iso on resp.

A

dose dependent depression, hypoventilation, CO2 retention

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