analgesia

Question 1

pain elicits…

Answer 1

protective motor action (biting), learned avoidance (fear), modifies species behavior (hiding)

Question 2

untreated pain can effect…

Answer 2

heavior, psychology, metabolism, immune system

Question 3

nociception

Answer 3

detection by the nervous system for potential tissue injury, protects animal from painful or noxious stimuli

Question 4

physiological pain

Answer 4

ouch pain, little or no tissue injury, protects from injury

Question 5

pathological pain

Answer 5

follows tissue injury, no useful function, causes suffering, acute or chronic

Question 6

classification based on mechanism

Answer 6

inflammatory, neuropathic, cancer, idiopathic

Question 7

classification based on origin

Answer 7

visceral (organ) or somatic (musculoskeletal)

Question 8

classification based on severity

Answer 8

none, mild, moderate, severe

Question 9

pain pathway step 1

Answer 9

transduction: transformation of stimuli into sensory electrical signals (action potentials)

Question 10

pain pathway step 2

Answer 10

transmission: sensory impulses conducted to spinal cord

Question 11

pain pathway step 3

Answer 11

modulation: impulses are either amplified or suppressed

Question 12

pain pathway step 4

Answer 12

perception: impulses are transmitted to brain where they are processed or recognized

Question 13

multimodal therapy

Answer 13

targeting two or more receptors

Question 14

consequences of untreated pain

Answer 14

catabolism and muscle wasting, immune system suppression, inflammation and delayed wound healing, anesthetic risk, patient suffering

Question 15

peripheral hypersensitivity

Answer 15

area around primary wound is sensitive and painful

Question 16

secondary hyperalgesia

Answer 16

central nervous system hypersensitivity or windup, area of sensitivity is further away from site of tissue injury

Question 17

neuroendocrine changes

Answer 17

can results in catabolic state and wasting, ACTH release, elevated cortisol, norepi, and epi, decreased insulin

Question 18

sympathetic stimulation

Answer 18

can result in cardiac arrhythmias, vasoconstriction, increased myocardial work, increased O2 consumption

Question 19

preemptive analgesia

Answer 19

administering meds before the pain, reduces requirements of analgesia and duration, prevents windup

Question 20

behavioral responses

Answer 20

cats hide, dogs seeks owner comfort, herd animals separate themselves

Question 21

physical evidence in pain

Answer 21

changes in gait, level of activity, reluctant to lie down, shifting position, vocalization (growl, howl, whine, hiss, groan), changes in facial expression

Question 22

visual analog scales

Answer 22

left = pain
right= severe pain