drug therapy

Question 1

What are the 2 types of drugs used to treat schizophrenia

Answer 1

typical (older) 1960s

Atypical (more modern)

Question 2

What do typical antipsychotics act as

Answer 2

antagonists to the dopamine system

Question 3

What is the dopamine system

Answer 3

A collection of nerve cells in the brain

Question 4

How do the antipsychotics reduce the action of dopamine

Answer 4

blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses

Question 5

What does the dopamine hypothesis state

Answer 5

the dopamine system of schizophrenia patients is over reactive

Question 6

Do typical antipsychotic drugs support or deny the dopamine hypothesis

Answer 6

supports

Question 7

What is chlorpromazine

Answer 7

one of the oldest drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia

Question 8

What are the 3 forms of chlorpromazine

Answer 8

• tablet
• syrup
• injection

Question 9

What is the maximum dosage of chlorpromazine

Answer 9

100mg per day

Question 10

How is chlorpromazine administered

Answer 10

orally

Question 11

What happens after taking chlorpromazine

Answer 11

dopamine levels typically rise before falling

Question 12

What does the dopamine-antagonist effect normalize

Answer 12

neurotransmission in key brain areas reducing symptoms such as hallucinations

Question 13

What is chlorpromazine useful as

Answer 13

a sedative to calm patients with schizophrenia to deal with their anxiety

Question 14

What were atypical antipsychotic drugs designed for

Answer 14

improve the effectiveness of typical antipsychotics and reduce side-effects

Question 15

What’s not known about atypical antipsychotic drugs

Answer 15

How they work

Question 16

What do Atypical antipsychotic drugs include

Answer 16

Clozapine and Riperidone

Question 17

When was Clozapine first developed and trialled

Answer 17

1960’s developed

1970’s first trialled

Question 18

Why was Clozapine withdrawn in the 1970’s

Answer 18

deaths of some patients from agranulocytosis

Question 19

Why was Clozapine remarketed

Answer 19

success in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia that hadn’t responded to other treatments

Question 20

What isn’t Clozapine available in the form of and why

Answer 20

injection due to side effects

Question 21

What is the daily dosage of Clozapine

Answer 21

300-450 mg per day

Question 22

What does Clozapine bind to

Answer 22

dopamine receptors

Question 23

Unlike Chlorpromazine what does clozapine act on

Answer 23

serotonin glutamate receptors

Question 24

What do serotonin glutamate receptors effect

Answer 24

mood and reduces depression and anxiety

Question 25

What does Clozapine enhance

Answer 25

mood properties

Question 26

When is Clozapine used on patients

Answer 26

high risk of suicide (phrenics have 40-50% attempted suicide)

Question 27

What is Riperidone

Answer 27

An antipsychotic drug developed in the 1990's

Question 28

Why is Riperidone better to use than clozapine

Answer 28

No serious side effects

Question 29

How is Riperidone administered

Answer 29

tablet syrup injection (2 weeks)

Question 30

How is the dosage of Riperidone administered

Answer 30

smaller dosages increasing up to 12mg

Question 31

What does Risperidone bind

Answer 31

dopamine and serotonin receptors

Question 32

Which drug binds more strongly to dopamine Risperidone or clozapine

Answer 32

Risperidone

Question 33

Are there any side effects of Risperidone

Answer 33

there are some side effects but these are few

Question 34

What did Thornley et al (2003) conduct a review of

Answer 34

studies comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to controls who received a placebo

Question 35

How many trials and participants did Thornley use

Answer 35

13 trials | 1121 participants

Question 36

What did Thornley's study conclude

Answer 36

Chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and the reduction of symptom severity

Question 37

What did Thornley also find in 3 trials of 512 participants in 2003

Answer 37

chlorpromazine reduced instances of relapse

Question 38

how successful have antipsychotics been

Answer 38

30-50% of treatment resistant cases where other antipsychotics have failed

Question 39

What did Healy claim evidence of in 2012

Answer 39

the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs had there successful trials published several times. Exaggerating the claims

Question 40

Why might some antipsychotic drugs be successful

Answer 40

calming effect and do nothing for the severity of the symptoms

Question 41

Why have some studies been inconclusive when comparing clozapine with other antipsychotics

Answer 41

some patients respond better to one drug than others

Question 42

What are the effectiveness of antipsychotics based off of

Answer 42

The premise of dopamine hypothesis which may be an incomplete theory of schizophrenia

Question 43

What does the dopamine hypothesis say about schizophrenics

Answer 43

The dopamine system is overreactive

Question 44

What are the side effects of atypical drugs

Answer 44

- dizziness - agitation - sleepiness - stiff jaw - weight gain - itchy skin

Question 45

What can long term use of typical antipsychotic drugs result in

Answer 45

tardive dyskinesia

Question 46

What does tardive dyskinesia result in

Answer 46

super sensitivity which leads to involuntary muscle movements (grimacing blinking)

Question 47

What is a neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 47

condition that leads to high temperatures, delirium, coma sometimes death

Question 48

What percentage of people are affected by antipsychotic drugs

Answer 48

0.1-2%

Question 49

How has the affection percentage been reduced in taking antipsychotics

Answer 49

Lower dosage levels of new drugs

Question 50

What have atypical antipsychotics reduced

Answer 50

the frequency of side effects

Question 51

What do patients who take clozapine take regularly

Answer 51

blood tests to detect agranulocytosis

Question 52

What's a significant weakness of antipsychotic drugs

Answer 52

side effects