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drug therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of drugs used to treat schizophrenia

A

typical (older) 1960s

Atypical (more modern)

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2
Q

What do typical antipsychotics act as

A

antagonists to the dopamine system

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3
Q

What is the dopamine system

A

A collection of nerve cells in the brain

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4
Q

How do the antipsychotics reduce the action of dopamine

A

blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses

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5
Q

What does the dopamine hypothesis state

A

the dopamine system of schizophrenia patients is over reactive

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6
Q

Do typical antipsychotic drugs support or deny the dopamine hypothesis

A

supports

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7
Q

What is chlorpromazine

A

one of the oldest drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia

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8
Q

What are the 3 forms of chlorpromazine

A
  • tablet
  • syrup
  • injection
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9
Q

What is the maximum dosage of chlorpromazine

A

100mg per day

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10
Q

How is chlorpromazine administered

A

orally

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11
Q

What happens after taking chlorpromazine

A

dopamine levels typically rise before falling

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12
Q

What does the dopamine-antagonist effect normalize

A

neurotransmission in key brain areas reducing symptoms such as hallucinations

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13
Q

What is chlorpromazine useful as

A

a sedative to calm patients with schizophrenia to deal with their anxiety

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14
Q

What were atypical antipsychotic drugs designed for

A

improve the effectiveness of typical antipsychotics and reduce side-effects

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15
Q

What’s not known about atypical antipsychotic drugs

A

How they work

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16
Q

What do Atypical antipsychotic drugs include

A

Clozapine and Riperidone

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17
Q

When was Clozapine first developed and trialled

A

1960’s developed

1970’s first trialled

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18
Q

Why was Clozapine withdrawn in the 1970’s

A

deaths of some patients from agranulocytosis

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19
Q

Why was Clozapine remarketed

A

success in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia that hadn’t responded to other treatments

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20
Q

What isn’t Clozapine available in the form of and why

A

injection due to side effects

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21
Q

What is the daily dosage of Clozapine

A

300-450 mg per day

22
Q

What does Clozapine bind to

A

dopamine receptors

23
Q

Unlike Chlorpromazine what does clozapine act on

A

serotonin glutamate receptors

24
Q

What do serotonin glutamate receptors effect

A

mood and reduces depression and anxiety

25
Q

What does Clozapine enhance

A

mood properties

26
Q

When is Clozapine used on patients

A

high risk of suicide (phrenics have 40-50% attempted suicide)

27
Q

What is Riperidone

A

An antipsychotic drug developed in the 1990’s

28
Q

Why is Riperidone better to use than clozapine

A

No serious side effects

29
Q

How is Riperidone administered

A

tablet
syrup
injection (2 weeks)

30
Q

How is the dosage of Riperidone administered

A

smaller dosages increasing up to 12mg

31
Q

What does Risperidone bind

A

dopamine and serotonin receptors

32
Q

Which drug binds more strongly to dopamine Risperidone or clozapine

A

Risperidone

33
Q

Are there any side effects of Risperidone

A

there are some side effects but these are few

34
Q

What did Thornley et al (2003) conduct a review of

A

studies comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to controls who received a placebo

35
Q

How many trials and participants did Thornley use

A

13 trials

1121 participants

36
Q

What did Thornley’s study conclude

A

Chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and the reduction of symptom severity

37
Q

What did Thornley also find in 3 trials of 512 participants in 2003

A

chlorpromazine reduced instances of relapse

38
Q

how successful have antipsychotics been

A

30-50% of treatment resistant cases where other antipsychotics have failed

39
Q

What did Healy claim evidence of in 2012

A

the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs had there successful trials published several times. Exaggerating the claims

40
Q

Why might some antipsychotic drugs be successful

A

calming effect and do nothing for the severity of the symptoms

41
Q

Why have some studies been inconclusive when comparing clozapine with other antipsychotics

A

some patients respond better to one drug than others

42
Q

What are the effectiveness of antipsychotics based off of

A

The premise of dopamine hypothesis which may be an incomplete theory of schizophrenia

43
Q

What does the dopamine hypothesis say about schizophrenics

A

The dopamine system is overreactive

44
Q

What are the side effects of atypical drugs

A
  • dizziness
  • agitation
  • sleepiness
  • stiff jaw
  • weight gain
  • itchy skin
45
Q

What can long term use of typical antipsychotic drugs result in

A

tardive dyskinesia

46
Q

What does tardive dyskinesia result in

A

super sensitivity which leads to involuntary muscle movements (grimacing blinking)

47
Q

What is a neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

condition that leads to high temperatures, delirium, coma sometimes death

48
Q

What percentage of people are affected by antipsychotic drugs

A

0.1-2%

49
Q

How has the affection percentage been reduced in taking antipsychotics

A

Lower dosage levels of new drugs

50
Q

What have atypical antipsychotics reduced

A

the frequency of side effects

51
Q

What do patients who take clozapine take regularly

A

blood tests to detect agranulocytosis

52
Q

What’s a significant weakness of antipsychotic drugs

A

side effects

psychology exam (18 decks)

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