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b.VPHARM 311 > Drug disposition and fate of drugs > Flashcards

Drug disposition and fate of drugs Flashcards

1
Q

General Principles of Drug Absorption (Routes of Administration)

A
  1. Drug dissolve in body fluid (water).
  2. Drugs enter the circulatory system as fluid enters the circulatory system.
  3. Drugs must enter the circulatory system before they can distributed to sites of
    action.
  4. Therefore, drugs are not IN the body until they are IN the bloodstream.
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2
Q

It is convenient, cheap, no need for sterilization, variety of dose forms

A

Oral administration

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3
Q

Disadvantages of Oral administration

A
  1. Variability due to physiology, feeding, disease, etc.
  2. Intractable patients
  3. First-pass effect
  4. Efficiently metabolized drugs eliminated by the liver before they reach the
    systematic circulation.
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4
Q

It can be given by the owner (small patients); vasoconstrictor can be added to prolong effect at site of interest

A

subcutaneous administration

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5
Q

When applied, patients groom themselves

A

topical

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6
Q

Patient and pharmaceutical factors of oral admin.

A
  1. Pill compression, coatings, suspending agents, etc.
  2. GI transit time (too slow or too fast), inflammation, malabsorption, syndromes
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7
Q

patient and pharmaceutical factors of SC administration

A
  1. More autonomic control over blood flow (than muscle)
  2. dehydration, heat, cold, stress
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8
Q

its patient and pharmaceutical factors include lipid solubility and molecule size, skin hydration and abrasion, area of application, ambient an patient temperature

A

topical

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9
Q

Larger absorptive surface are than IM / Subcutaneous

A

intraperitoneal

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10
Q

may cause peritonitis and damage to organs by needles

A

intraperitoneal

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11
Q

Generally restricted to laboratory animals

A

intraperitoneal

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12
Q

route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Intrathecal

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13
Q

administered in the joint

A

intra-articular

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14
Q

Produce extremely high concentrations “pointed at” the tissue of interest.

A

intra-arterial

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15
Q

Used primarily for anti-tumor therapy and infectious disease therapy when blood supply is questionable

A

intra-arterial

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16
Q

Access to GI absorption in unconscious or vomiting patients

A

per rectum

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17
Q

any chemical substance which modify the functions of a biological
system and primarily intended for the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of
disease to man or animals

A

drug

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18
Q

the pharmacopeia of the United States of America (1820)

A

USP

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19
Q

British Pharmacopeia

A

B.P

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20
Q

B.P.C

A

the British Pharmaceutical Codex (1907

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21
Q

N.F.

A

national formulary

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22
Q

study the actions of drugs on living things

A

pharmacology

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23
Q

C.F

A

canadian formulary

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24
Q

Ph. I.

A

International Pharmacopeia

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25
Q

C.F.

A

codex francis

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26
Q

drug mixtures prepared from crude drugs and containing several organic ingredients

A

galencials

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27
Q

a blank preparation containing only innocuous ingredients

A

placebo

28
Q

extent to which the active ingredient in a drug product can be taken up by the body in a form which is physiologically active in order to exert the desired therapeutic effect

A

bioavailability

29
Q

in order to be absorbed, reach sites of action drugs must have the ability dissolve in?

A

water

30
Q

drugs can leave and enter capillaries,
and enter and leave cells, through?

A

lipid solubility

31
Q

measured in either serum or plasma

A

drug concentration in blood stream

32
Q

easy painless application of topical drug

A

systemic therapy

33
Q

reduced systemic effects/enhanced skin effects of topical drug

A

skin therapy

34
Q

disadvantages of topical

A
  1. Patients groom themselves (topically applied, orally absorbed)
  2. Toxic skin reactions
  3. Variable blood flow to skin
  4. Complex relationship between drug, vehicle , skin physiology
35
Q

Diffusion through stratified epithelium
“Passage” through adnexal structures

A

topical administration

36
Q

True or false.

“like” vehicles retain drug on skin surface while drugs in “unlike” vehicles leave the vehicle to move on to skin

A

true

37
Q

Its disadvantages are:

  1. Difficult dose calculation
  2. CSF volume is not proportional to body weight
  3. Toxicity likely, and toxicity may be unusual
  4. Introduce infection into a VERY bad location
A

Intrathecal

38
Q

One of the disadvantages are limited number of efficacy studies (especially in animals)

A

intra-arterial

39
Q

Animals may not willingly retain the drug

A

per rectum

40
Q

Its process is like oral without mechanical preparation by stomach

A

per rectum

41
Q

7% of body weight

A

Vascular space

42
Q

Extracellular Space size

A

15 - 20% of bw

43
Q

distribution of drug in vascular space

A

10 - 30 minutes

44
Q

Extracellular Space distribution

A

30 minutes - 1.5 hours

45
Q

intracellular space size

A

35 – 45% of body weight

46
Q

distribution in intracellular space

A

30 minutes to 12+hours

47
Q

Give three reserved spaces.

A
  1. Special barriers between plasma and tissue fluid CSF
  2. aqueous humor
  3. prostatic fluid
48
Q

Distribution in minutes to never

A

reserved spaces

49
Q

three processes in renal excretion

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. tubular secretion
  3. passive reabsorption
50
Q

renal elimination of aspirin can go from _____ of total elimination

A

2% to 30%

51
Q

volume of fluid that “appears” to contain the amount of drug in the
body

A

volume of distribution

52
Q

volume of plasma water cleared of the drug during a specified time period

A

clearance

53
Q

sum of all organ clearances

A

Total body clearance (Clt)

54
Q

fraction of the volume of distribution cleared per unit time

A

rate constant elimination

55
Q

time for elimination of one half of the total amount in the body

A

elimination half-life

56
Q

initial dose of drug given to shorten the time to reach the steady-state concentrations

A

loading dose

57
Q

describes the rate of drug movement (oral, IM, SC, etc.) from the dose to the circulatory system

A

absorption rate constant

58
Q

Two drug products are ______ if the nature and extent of therapeutic and
toxic effects are equal following administration

A

bioequivalent

59
Q

Attempt to describe the actual events which control drug absorption,
distribution, and elimination

A

physiologic model/pharmacokinetics model

60
Q

absorption rate decrease as the dose increases

A

dose-dependent absorption

61
Q

clearance and the elimination rate constant decrease as the dose
increases

A

dose-dependent elimination

62
Q

The sum of all individual organ
clearances. Usually determined by
plasma sampling

A

total clearance (CLT)

63
Q

The clearance “performed” by the
kidney.

A

renal clearance (CLR)

64
Q

The clearance “performed’ by the
liver.

A

hepatic clearance (CLH)

65
Q

highest plasma concentration
achieved following a single non-intravenous dose of a drug.

A

peak plasma concentration (cmax)

66
Q

portion of a non-intravenous dose of
drug that reaches the systemic
circulation.

A

fraction of dose absorbed

67
Q

Time required to eliminate 50% of
any amount of drug from the body

A

half life elimination

b.VPHARM 311 (13 decks)

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