... Flashcards
the study of the processes and factors which
determines the amount of drugs at the sites of action at various
times between the application or administration of drugs in the
body and their elimination from the body
Pharmacokinetics
study of how drugs produce effects on living
organisms. Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
the art and science of preparing, compounding, and
dispensing of drugs
pharmacy
Define Pharmacognosy.
study of the source of drugs
Define Posology.
study of drug dosages
What is Metrology.
A subdivision of Pharmacy which study the weights and measures of drugs.
What are the scopes of Pharmacokinetics?
It studies the movement of drugs in the body including the process of
absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation and excretion.
Refers to where and how the effect is produced.
Drug action
It is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be
perceived and measured.
Drug Effect
when the interaction of drugs with receptor molecules produces perceptible changes in the function of an organism
Specific Drug Action
What is the difference of Non-specific drug action from Specific drug action?
Non specific drug action drugs bind to molecules in some sites
in the body and do not produce any perceptible effect.
Acetylcholine binds to Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors is an example of Drug action or Drug effect?
drug action
true or False.
Acetylcholine- stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera,
increased secretion of smooth muscles is an example of drug effect.
True
Give three examples of pharmacological effects.
- Ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling.
- Overdoes of insulin causes hypoglycemia.
- Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases
True or False.
Pharmacological effect is when food and hormones are given in proper amounts, promote and
maintain normal body functions.
It is Physiological effects.
Pharmacological effects is a drug induced change in organism.
Foods and hormones are not drugs but when administered in excess may
produce exaggerated effects. This an example of what effect?
Pharmacological
effect that maintains normal body functions
physiological effect
study of harmful effects of drugs
toxicology
study of the application of drugs for use in
the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases
Pharmacotherapeutics
identification of substances in suspected cases of
poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem
forensic
A category of Pharma which is the study of basic mechanism of drug action
on biological systems
molecular pharmacology
concerned with the rational development,
effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis,
prevention and cure of diseases
clinical pharmacology
concerned with drugs as they are used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and in the intentional
alteration of animal physiology
veterinary pharmacology
tendency of a drug to combine with its specific receptor
affinity
inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself
efficacy
a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with
specific receptors
antagonist
a drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties
dualist
cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist
competitive agonist
inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor
non competitive agonist
a function of the drug’s affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion,
degradation rates
potency
indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally
detectable to maximally effective
slope
What are the three features of the dose response curve?
potency, slope, variability
when one of the two drugs has zero intrinsic activity
potentiation
effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects
of the individual drugs
synergism
the study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance
Kinetics
the combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their
individual effect
additive effect
a constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of
administration is absorbed
first order kinetics
the actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site
zero order kinetics
the time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its
initial concentration
half-life
total quantity of drug absorbed intact
bioavailability
Drug action is terminated by? (3)
excretion, biotransformation, redistribution of sequestration
refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drugs and other substances
biotransformation
reduction of drug activity
detoxification
normal anabolic and metabolic reactions
metabolism
Organ where the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body, but
biotransformation also occurs in other organs including the intestinal mucosa,
lungs, and kidneys.
liver
generally less active than the parent compound if not totally
inactive
metabolites
the process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause
death
lethal synthesis
most important means of eliminating drugs from body
urine and bile
four reactions in the biotransformation of drugs by enzymes
oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation
complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER
microsomal enzymes (cytochrome P-40 or mixed function oxidases)
when injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system
evan’s blue or I-albumin
freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells
Inulin or EDTA
readily crosses all epithelial barriers used to measure total body fluid volume
isotopic water or antipyrine
extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues
transcellular fluid volume
difference between ECF and plasma
volume
interstitial fluid volume
difference between total body fluid and ECF
intracellular fluid volume
Its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume.
evan’s blue or I-albumin
synovial, intraocular, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural fluids are examples of
transcellular fluids
