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b.VPHARM 311 > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

resistant to orally administered atropine, but
may be responsive to parenteral administration

A

horses and cattle

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2
Q

sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine

A

Pigs, dogs and cats

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3
Q

especially resistant to the effects to atropine because of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase

A

goats and rabbits

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4
Q

should not be given to animals
poisoned with OP

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates

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5
Q

clinically useful only during the early stages of
poisoning

A

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

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6
Q

atropine is an antidote of OP which blocks muscarinic effects but not to

A

nicotinic effects

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7
Q

most important antidote to the effects of OP

A

atropine

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8
Q

Some deadly gases of Ops (2)

A

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), Triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)

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9
Q

irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors

A

organophosphates

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10
Q

hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia

A

catecholamines

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11
Q

prevent their rapid absorption, to prolong the local action, and to decrease the systematic of local anesthetic

A

vasocontrictors (such as epinephrine)

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12
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

converts glycogen back to glucose

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13
Q

2% of the total serotonin in the mammalian body is located within the CNS, especially in

A

pineal gland and hypothalamus

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14
Q

serotonin is chemically known as

A

5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

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15
Q

enterochromaffin cells of the intestine contain % of serotonin

A

90%

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16
Q

hyperglycemia is caused by inhibition of

A

glucose synthase (uses glucose to make glycogen)

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17
Q

drug of choice to relieve the symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens.

A

Epinephrine

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18
Q

rapidly relieves itching and
urticaria and may save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation

A

subcutaneous administration (of epinephrine)

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19
Q

Beta adrenergic blockers include:

A
  1. Dichloroisoproterenol
  2. Propanolol
  3. Timolol
  4. Alprenolol
  5. Pindolol
  6. Nadolol
  7. Sotalol
  8. Atenolol
  9. Metoprolol
  10. Butoxamine
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20
Q

responsive to antihistamines, but epinephrine is
necessary in the event of a severe reaction

A

angioedema

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21
Q

adrenal medulla as a modified sympathetic ganglion responds to

A

acetylcholine

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21
Q

adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine in response to administration of

A

nicotine

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22
Q

Clinical uses of beta adrenergic blockers

A
  1. Hypertension in humans
  2. Reversing digitals-induced arrhythmia
  3. Treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy, a rare disease on dogs and cats
  4. Block the effect of excessive epinephrine in pheochromocytoma
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23
Q

Clinical uses of alpha adrenergic blockers

A
  1. Cardiovascular shock
    2.Overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine in Pheochromocytoma
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24
Q

Alpha adrenergic blockers

A
  1. Ergot alkaloids (ergonovine)
  2. Phenothiazine and butyrophenone tranquilizers
  3. Tolazoline, Atipamezole and Yohimbine
  4. Prazosin
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25
Q

Clinical uses of sympathomimetics/ adrenergic

A
  1. Adjunct to local anesthesia
  2. Hemostatic - epistaxis in horses
  3. Mydriatic – gross dilatation of the pupil
  4. Anaphylactic reactions
  5. Bronchodilator – expansion of the lumina of the passages of the lungs
  6. Local skin allergy
  7. Decongestant
  8. Cardiac arrest
  9. Hypertensive conditions
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26
Q

Mixed acting adrenergic drugs include:

A
  1. Amphetamine
  2. Methamphetamine
  3. Ephedrine
  4. Pseudoephedrine ( D-isoephedrine )
  5. Hydroxyamphetamine
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27
Q

Muscarinic signs

A

a. colic
b. diarrhea
c. dyspnea
d. hypotension
e. miosis
f. excessive secretion

28
Q

nicotinic signs

A

a. muscle tremors then paralysis
b. convulsions
c. mania then coma

29
Q

Xylazine, medetomidine

A

α2 stimulants

30
Q

a1

A

present in postsynaptic fibers

31
Q

a2

A

present in both pre and post synaptic fibers

31
Q

dopamine

A

β1 stimulant

32
Q

Components of nasal decongestants or ophthalmic vasoconstrictors

A
  1. Naphazoline
  2. Tetrahydrozoline
  3. Phenylpropanolamine
33
Q

beta adrenergic chiefly in heart

A

B1

34
Q

beta adrenergic present in blood vessels and bronchi

A

b2

35
Q

Classification of adrenergic receptors

A
  1. alpha adrenergic
  2. beta adrenergic
  3. dopaminergic
36
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) stimulates

A

both alpha and beta receptors

37
Q

Anticholinergics

A

atropine, scolopamine, glycopyrrolate

38
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is mainly an stimulant of

A

alpha receptors

39
Q

phenylephrine

A

alpha stimulant

40
Q

isoproterenol

A

beta stimulant

41
Q

poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms

A

muscarine

42
Q

substance derived from tobacco

A

nicotine

43
Q

Classification of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. Muscarinic effect
  2. Nicotinic effects
44
Q

Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics because of the following reasons

A
  1. Following its administration, it causes too generalized but transient effect.
  2. It is so readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase that it cannot be
    detected in the plasma following absorption
45
Q

Sympathetic tone maintains

A

systemic blood pressure

46
Q

Parasympathetic tone maintains

A

gut motility

47
Q

the major neutransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division

A

norepinephrine

48
Q

postganlionic fibers are called

A

adrenergic fibers

49
Q

transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

predominance of one division over the other is called

A

state of tomus

51
Q

Transmitter of effectors of sympathetic

A

norepinephrine

52
Q

Ganglionic synapse of parasympathetic

A

discrete

53
Q

Conservation of energy

A

parasympathetic

54
Q

Massive discharge of energy

A

sympathetic

54
Q

Anticholinergics are also called

A

parasympatholytics

55
Q

ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and
sympathetic nerves

A

acetylcholine

56
Q

name 2 amines which derived its name from enterochromaffin cells

A

serotonin and enteramine

57
Q

hexamethonium

A

ganglion blockers

58
Q

a. Tubocurarine
b. gallamine
c. pancuronium
d. succinylcholine

A

neuromuscular blockers

59
Q

hemicholinium

A

Acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor

60
Q

a. Botulinus toxin
b. aminoglycoside
antibiotic

A

acetylcholine release inhibitor

61
Q

Indirect acting cholinergic (cholinesterase inhibitors)

A

a. Physostigmine
b. Neostigmine
c. edrophonium
d. pyridostigmine
e. organophosphates
f. carbamates (carbaryl, propoxur)

62
Q

Cholinergic drugs are also called

A

parasympathomimetics or cholinomimetics

62
Q

Directly acting cholinergic

A
  1. methacholine
  2. carbachol
  3. bethanechol
  4. muscarine
  5. pilocarpine
  6. arecoline
63
Q

include the action of acetylchloline of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia

A

nicotinic effects

64
Q

Parasympathetic =

A

cholinergic

65
Q

Sympathetic =

A

adrenergic

b.VPHARM 311 (13 decks)

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