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b.VPHARM 311 > Anesthetics and Anesthesia > Flashcards

Anesthetics and Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

substances which when applied about the nerve
terminals or nerve fibers prevent conduction of both sensory and motor
impulses in axons and dendrites

A

local anesthetics

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2
Q

first local anesthetic discovered

A

cocaine

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3
Q

characterized by reversible loss of perception of pain or other motor response to stimuli in a local or regional part of the body and is not accompanied by loss of consciousness

A

local or regional anesthesia

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4
Q

Types of local anesthesia

A
  1. Surface or topical
  2. Infiltration
  3. Peripheral
  4. Spinal
  5. Epidural
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5
Q

Surface or topical local anesthesia

A
  1. Cocaine
  2. Hexylcaine
  3. Lidocaine
  4. Tetracaine
  5. Cyclomethylcaine
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6
Q

local anesthesia directly into skin or deeper structures

A

infiltration

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7
Q

area immediately surrounding the nerve or group of nerves

A

peripheral

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8
Q

Peripheral anesthetics

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Mepivacaine
  3. Bupivacaine
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9
Q

into CSF of the spinal subarachnoid space

A

spinal (intrathecal)

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10
Q

Spinal anesthetics

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Tetracaine
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11
Q

space of the spinal canal posterior to the end of the
spinal canal

A

epidural

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12
Q

Epidural anesthetics

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Mepivacaine
  3. Bupivacaine
  4. Etidocaine
  5. Chloroprocaine
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13
Q

refers to peripheral nerve block, spinal and epidural anesthesia

A

Regional anesthesia

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14
Q

Chemical structure of most useful anesthetics has 3 parts

A
  1. an aromatic ring (lipophilic group)
  2. an intermediate chain
  3. amino group
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15
Q

Amino ester agents

A
  1. Procaine
  2. Chloroprocaine
  3. Tetracaine
  4. Cocaine
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16
Q

Procraine

A

low potency, short duration of action

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17
Q

Chloroprocaine

A

rapid onset of action

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18
Q

Tetracaine

A

high potency, long duration

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19
Q

Cocaine

A

surface anesthetic, abused drug

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20
Q

Amino amide agents

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Mepivacaine
  3. Bupivacaine
  4. Etidocaine
  5. Prilocaine
  6. Dibucaine
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21
Q

Agents restricted to opthalmological use

A
  1. Benoxinate
  2. Proparacaine
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22
Q

Dibucaine

A

very potent, long duration of action

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23
Q

Prilocaine

A

like lidocaine

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24
Q

Lidocaine

A

most versatile, high potency, rapid onset, moderate duration of action

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25
Q

mepivacaine

A

like lidocaine

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26
Q

bupivacaine

A

slow onset, long duration

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27
Q

etidocaine

A

long duration, profound muscular relaxation

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28
Q

Agents used to anesthetize less delicate mucous membrane and skin

A
  1. Cyclomethycaine
  2. Dimethysoquin
  3. Diclolin
  4. Hexylcaine
  5. Pramoxine
  6. Benzocaine
  7. Butamben
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29
Q

basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

nerve cells (neuron)

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30
Q

Parts of the neuron

A
  1. cell body
  2. Dedrite tree
  3. Axon
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31
Q

Steps in interneuron transmission of a nerve impulse

A
  1. Action potential propagated in presynaptic nerve
  2. Transmitter synthesis
  3. Transmitter storage
  4. Interneuron transmitter breakdown or inactivation
  5. Transmitter release
  6. Transmitter reuptake
  7. Transmitter synaptic degradation
  8. Transmitter attachment to postsynaptic receptor
  9. receptor – induced increase or decrease in ionic conductance or altered
    cellular
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32
Q

Neurotransmitters classified into
2 groups

A
  1. Small molecule, rapidly acting neurotransmitters
  2. Slowly acting, neuropeptide transmitters
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33
Q

widely distributed in the CNS, is inactivated by hydrolysis, presynaptic receptors exist at many nerve terminals in the CNS

A

Ach

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34
Q

hydrolyses Ach

A

acetylcholinesterase

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35
Q

Monoamines (3)

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
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36
Q

Amino acids

A
  1. GABA - gamma-amonobutyric acid
  2. Glycine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Aspartate
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37
Q

Slowly acting, neuropeptide transmitters

A
  1. Beta endorphin
  2. Vasopressin
  3. Oxytocin
  4. Growth hormone
  5. Enkephalin
  6. Substance P
  7. Somatostatin
  8. Cholecystokinin
  9. Angiotensin II
  10. Neurotensin
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38
Q

NE has an ______ distribution in the CNS

A

uneven

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39
Q

NE mechanisms are important in (4)

A
  1. Control of sleep and wakefulness
  2. Control of mood
  3. Emotional behavior
  4. temperature
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40
Q

has a role as a precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine

A

dopamine

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41
Q

largest concentration of dopamine

A
  1. basal ganglia
  2. limbic system
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42
Q

Dopamine is linked to (3)

A
  1. control of movement (CNS)
  2. disturbances of behavior
  3. hypothalamic pituitary endocrine system
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43
Q

has a major role in the control of spinal and cerebral reflexes

A

GABA

44
Q

major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS and it is involve in the conduction of convulsions and may also be important in anxiety states

A

GABA

45
Q

GABA is found in high concentration

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
46
Q

GABA only in trace amounts

A

peripheral nerve tissue

47
Q

The actions of glycine seen to be restricted to

A
  1. Spinal cord
  2. Lower brain stem
  3. Retina
48
Q

exert powerful stimulatory effects in nearly all regions of the brain

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Aspartate
49
Q

Therapeutic benefits of glutamate and aspartate

A

Inhibition of epilepsy and neurotoxic effects of brain ischemia

50
Q

USES OF ANESTHETICS IN ANIMALS

A
  1. Euthanasia
  2. Control of convulsions
  3. Elimination of sensibility to noxious stimuli
  4. Humane restraint
  5. Technical efficiency
  6. Specific biomedical research tool (sleep time)
51
Q

In the general continuum of general anesthesia, unconsciousness maybe
with or without somatic and visceral response. The series of events are;

A
  1. alert wakefulness
  2. Lethargy
  3. Drowsiness
  4. Unconsciousness
  5. Come
  6. Death
52
Q

property known to correlate best with potency of inhalant anesthetic

A

inhalant anesthetic

53
Q

Inhalation anesthetics are

A

hydrophobic

54
Q

Inhalation anesthetics act in?

A

cell membrane lipid layer

55
Q

2 individuals who independently noted that the potency of anesthetics increased directly in proportion to their partition coefficient between olive and water

A

Overton rule

56
Q

Primary aims of pre anesthetic medication

A
  1. Facilitate handling
  2. To calm the animal
  3. Relieve preoperative pain
57
Q

Secondary aims of pre anesthetic medication

A
  1. Minimize undesirable reflex automatic nervous system activity
  2. Supplement general anesthesia
  3. Minimize undesirable post anesthetic reactions
  4. Continue treatment of intercurrent disease
  5. Prevent infection
58
Q

Major classes of drugs commonly considered for preanesthetic medication

A
  1. Tranquilizers-sedative
  2. Hypnotic-sedative
  3. Opioid
  4. α2 adrenergic agonist
  5. Dissociative
  6. Combination
  7. Parasympatholytic
59
Q

Tranquilizers-sedative

A
  1. Acepromazine
  2. Diazepam
  3. Midazolam
  4. Droperidol
  5. Azaperone
60
Q

Hypnotic sedative

A
  1. Pentobarbital
  2. Chloral hydrate
61
Q

Opoiod

A
  1. agonist – morphine
  2. meperidine
  3. agonist – antagonist -
    butorphanol
62
Q

α2 adrenergic agonist

A
  1. xylazine
  2. detomidine
  3. medetomidine
63
Q

Dissociative

A

Ketamine

64
Q

Combination examples

A
  1. tiletamine plus zolaepam-telazol
  2. fentanyl plus droperidol
    = innovar
65
Q

Parasympatholytic

A
  1. atropine
  2. gylcopyrrolate
66
Q

frequently administered to
produce a calming effect

A

Tranquilizers (ataractics or neuroleptics)

67
Q

Subclasses of Tranquilizer-sedatives

A
  1. Phenothiazine
  2. Butyrophenones
  3. Benzodiazepines
68
Q

Phenothiazine uses

A
  1. Antiarrythmic
  2. Antihistaminic
  3. Antiemetic effects
69
Q

less frequently used but better cardiovascular stability than phenothiazine

A

Butyrophenones

70
Q

pain and occasional erratic absorption after IM (e.g
diazepam)

A

Benzodiazepines

71
Q

cause a dose dependent
spectrum of CNS depression, sedation, sleep, anesthesia, coma, and death

A

Hypnotic-sedatives

72
Q

Common effects of Xylaszine

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Mild arterial hypertension followed by more prolonged hypotension
  3. Hyperglycemia
  4. Increased urine volume
73
Q

Important advantages of the use of opioids in preanesthetic period

A
  1. Potent analgesia
  2. Good sedation
  3. Absence of direct myocardial depression
74
Q

Disadvantages of opioids as a preanesthetic

A
  1. Decrease in intestinal propulsive activity.
  2. Depression of medullary ventilatory control centers leading to
    hypoventilation.
  3. Commonly induce a vagolytic effect so heart rate may also be
    decreased.
  4. Opioid - induced emesis-may be wanted or unwanted
75
Q

Ketamites causes ______ in cats

A

state of somatic analgesia

76
Q

Ketamites causes ______ in horse

A

CNS arousal

77
Q

Improves the reliability of the sedative properties of either drug used
alone without adding further vital organ depression

A

Telazol (Tiletamine + zolazepam)

78
Q

Reliable sedation and potent analgesia with limited vital organ
depression

A

Innovar

79
Q

Innovar is countered by

A

atropine

80
Q

commonly an unwanted effect of innovar

A

bradycardia

81
Q

Innovar is a drug combinations of

A

fentanyl + droperidol

82
Q

Common reasons for administering parasympatholytic (anticholinergic ) drugs

A
  1. Reduce upper-airway and salivary secretions ( antisialogogue effect)
  2. Counteract reflex bradycardia occurring with opioid use or certain
    surgical manipulations.
83
Q

Stage I Induction or stage of voluntary excitement

A
  • consciousness still present
  • forcible effort to avoid being anesthetized
  • breath holding , but may not be observed in all cases
  • fear and apprehension leading to increased respiratory rate and
    pulse rate
  • papillary dilatation (mydriasis)
  • urination and defecation
84
Q

Stage II Stage of involuntary excitement

A
  • loss of consciousness
  • reflex response stimuli such as exaggerated limb movement
  • pronounced vocalization
  • unpredictable degree of violence which bears no relationship with the normal temperament of the animal; some may pass quietly
    through this stage
  • irregular respiration; sometimes breath holding
  • persistent pharyngeal reflex which progressively becomes
    depressed
85
Q

as a gas anesthetic, it is colorless with unpleasant smell

A

Nitrous oxide

86
Q

weak anesthetic used only in combination
with other agents having greater narcotic effect

A

nitrous oxide

87
Q

Halothane may cause

A

hepatic dysfunction

88
Q

drug of choice for the control of seizures in dogs and cats

A

Phenobarbital

89
Q

good choice for control seizures in cats, but not for dogs

A

diazepam

90
Q

Anticonvulsants that is toxic to cats

A

Primidone

91
Q

substance which temporarily abolishes the
sensation of pain

A

analgesic agent

92
Q

substance which produces insensibility from which
simple stimuli produce a temporary arousal

A

narcotic

93
Q

narcotic agent used to induce sleep

A

hypnotic

94
Q

narcotic agent which is used to calm a nervous, vicious or excited subject

A

sedative

95
Q

most sedatives cause

A

drowsiness

96
Q

substance which produces sedation without at the same time causing drowsiness

A

Ataractic or tranquilizer

97
Q

tranquilizer used in human beings in the treatment of
psychoses

A

neuroleptic

98
Q

substance which produces in human beings a feeling of dissociation from surroundings, unconsciousness, catalepsy, vivid dreams and analgesia

A

dissociative agent

99
Q

used in animals to produce a state of thought resembling anesthesia in which the animal does not show response to stimuli

A

dissociative agent

100
Q

Plane 1

A
  • irregular automatic breathing
  • limb movement stops
  • side to side movement of the eyeballs
  • disappearance of palpebral, conjunctival and corneal reflexes
  • brisk pedal reflex
  • may be adequate for minor surgery
101
Q

Plane 2

A
  • laryngeal reflex persists until the middle of plane 2
  • eyeballs fixed in the center in the horse, cats sheep, and pigs;

downward in dogs
- pedal reflex becomes sluggish

  • progressive muscle relaxation
  • adequate for all surgical procedures except abdominal surgery
102
Q

Plane 3

A
  • breathing still automatic but the respiratory rate increases while the depth decreases
  • noticeable pause between inspiration and expiration
103
Q

Stage IV. Overdose

A
  • complete paralysis of the thoracic muscles; only the diaphragm functions
  • jerky diaphragm movement
  • respiratory movement gasping in nature
  • wide papillary dilatation
104
Q

Stage I

A

Induction or stage of voluntary excitement

105
Q

Stage II

A

Stage of involuntary excitement

106
Q

Stage III

A

Surgical anesthesia

107
Q

Stage IV

A

Overdose

b.VPHARM 311 (13 decks)

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