Drug dependence Flashcards
Define drug dependence.
an adaptive state that develops after repeated drug use and which results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
Define drug tolerance.
the diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated administration at a set dose
Define drug abuse.
pattern of drug use in which users consume the substance in amounts/using methods which are directly/indirectly harmful to themselves or others
What receptors do opiates act on?
mu and delta opioid receptors
What receptors does cocaine act on?
DA, NA, 5-HT uptake systems
What receptors does amphetamine act on?
monoaminergic transmission uptake systems; agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)
What receptors does ethanol act on?
GABAa and NMDA receptors
What receptors does nicotine act on?
Nicotinic receptors
What receptors do phencyclidine + ketamine act on?
NMDA glutamate receptors
What receptors do hallucinogens act on?
5-HT2a receptors
What receptors do barbiturates + benzodiazepines act on?
GABAa receptors
What genes have been associated with opiate and cocaine addiction?
OPrM1
OPRK1
OPRD1
DRD2
Describe the 3 stages of the addiction cycle.
- binge/intoxication = positive reinforcement
- withdrawal/negative effect = negative reinforcement
- preoccupation/anticipation = conditioned positive + negative reinforcement
What does IRISA stand for?
Impaired response inhibition and salience attribution
What are the core clinical symptoms of addiction?
- intoxication
- bingeing
- withdrawal
- craving
What effects do cocaine and morphine have on the spine density and dendritic branching of the mPFC, oFC, S1, NAc shell?
Cocaine:
- mPFC = increased
- oFC = no change
- S1 = increased
- NAc shell = increased
Morphine:
- mPFC = decreased
- oFC = decreased
- S1 = no change
- NAc shell = decreased
What is the progression/different stages of acute alcohol intoxication?
Euphoria followed by: depressed mood slurring of speech ataxia general incoordination pupillary dilatation
What are the cellular targets of ecstasy/MDMA?
5-HT uptake system Dopamine uptake system 5-HT2 receptors H2 receptors alpha2 adrenergic receptors
What neurotransmitter mediates the behavioural effects of MDMA?
5-HT
What changes happen in the body in acute MDMA toxicity?
Increase in body temperature
Rhabdomyolysis
Increased renal absorption of water
Hyponatraemia + cerebral oedema
What irreversible consequences might occur from overuse of MDMA?
Serotonin axon loss
What receptors do cannabinoids bind to?
CB1 + CB2 receptors
Where are CB1 and CB2 receptors found?
CB1: concentrated in the CNS –> neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, brainstem
CB2: present in peripheral organs and are associated with the immune system
What are the symptoms of cannabinoid intoxication?
hypothermia
rigid immobility
reduced motor activity
What mental health conditions are associated with long-term use of cannabinoids?
Schizophrenia
MDD
Name the 6 different types of cannabis preparations.
- Inhaled cannabis
- THC
- CBD
- Nabilone (synthetic analogue of THC)
- Sativex (THC and CBD 1:1)
- Cannador (THC + CBD 2:1)
What are the long term effects of cocaine/crack addiction?
CV problems (increased risk of heart attack + stroke)
Marked cognitive decline
Persistent psychotic symptoms; MDD + anxiety
