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Drug Action 1 > Drug Action Exam 1 > Flashcards

Drug Action Exam 1 Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

drug

A

any substance intended for human exposure capable of producing a change in a living system

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1
Q

Modern Definition of Pharmacology

A

the study of the interactions between drugs and living systems

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2
Q

Paracelsus

A

Grandfather of pharmacology
1540
concept- body is made up of chemicals, pathology is a result of chemical imbalance, use chemicals to treat

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3
Q

Felix Fontana

A

1790

chemicals have an active principle and act on a specific site

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4
Q

Friedrich Serturner

A

1806

isolates morphine- first active principle

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5
Q

C. Bernard

A

1850-1855

found specific site using curarine in frogs

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6
Q

Oswald Schmiedeberg

A

father of pharmacology
1870
magnitude and duration of a drugs action is dependent upon the dynamic equilibrium between the ability if the drug to reach its site of action and the ability of the body to remove it

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7
Q

John Abel

A

started ASPET and JPET

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8
Q

action

A

the result of combining of molecules of substance with molecules of living system

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9
Q

effect

A

the consequences at higher levels of integration of a drugs action

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10
Q

occupancy theory

A

Langley, Clark, and Gaddum

the magnitude of effect is directly proportional to the percent of total receptors occupied by that drug at that time

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11
Q

Rate theory

A

Paton

not only the quantity of receptors occupied but the rate at which they are being occupied that determines effect

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12
Q

Induced Fit theory

A

the amount of effect observed depends on the amount of conformational twisting of the receptor when it is occupied by the drug

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13
Q

agonist

A

a substance that combines with a receptor and produces an effect that we have designated in advance

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14
Q

antagonist

A

combines with a receptor and produces no effect itself, but blocks the effect of the agonist

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15
Q

affinity

A

how well is it attracted to receptor; a measure of action

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16
Q

intrinsic activity/efficacy

A

once bound how much effect is produced; a measure of effect

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17
Q

homergic

A

2 substances that produce same effect

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18
Q

heterergic

A

2 substances that produce different effects

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19
Q

addition

A

homergic, same MOA, effect seen is that expected by adding together individual effect of drugs

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20
Q

summation

A

same as addition but different or unknown MOA

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21
Q

potentiation

A

homergic, different MOA, effect is greater than expected by adding individual effects

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22
Q

synergism

A

one drug that does not produce an effect itself enhances the effect of a different drug, heterergic

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23
Q

competitive antagonism

A

drug 2 blocks effect of drug 1 by competing for receptor; can be overcome by increasing concentration of drug 1

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24
Q

non competitive antagonism

A

drug 2 permanently binds blocking drug 1 can only be overcome by getting more receptors

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25
Q

pharmacologic antagonism

A

at molecular level; competitive and non-competitive antagonism

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26
Q

physiologic antagonism

A

antagonism at level of effect

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27
Q

G-alpha S

A

beta-1 & beta-2

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28
Q

G-alpha I

A

muscarinic type 2
GABA type B
alpha-2
opioid

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29
Q

IP3 & DAG stimulators

A

alpha-1
muscarinic type 1
serotonin type 1

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30
Q

thesh-hold dose reflects

A

relative affinity

graded data

31
Q

Emax reflects

A

relative efficacy

graded data

32
Q

distance from y-axis reflects

A

relative potency

graded and quantal data

33
Q

quantal data look at

A

potency
slope
variability
confidence

34
Q

therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50

35
Q

margin of safety

A

TD5 - ED95

36
Q

safety index

A

TD5/ED95

37
Q

litchfield-wilson

A

least squares method for best-fit line

38
Q

2 major variables for magnitude of effect

A

dose

time

39
Q

inherent factors

A

factors that are a function of living system

40
Q

toxicology

A

study of deleterious effects of chemicals and physical agents on living systems

41
Q

toxic or toxicity

A

the ability of an agent to cause injury; qualitative (yes or no)

42
Q

Gleason chart

A

measure of how toxic

43
Q

specific

A

molecular; refers to drug/receptor relationship

44
Q

selective

A

refers to subsequent effects; how many effect does it have

45
Q

acceptors/silent receptors

A

combining points in a living system that produce no effect

46
Q

hazard

A

the likelihood that a deleterious or injurious situation will occur in the context of the present situation; measured as low, medium, high

47
Q

risk

A

the expected frequency of occurrence of undesirable effects from exposure setting; fractional or %; expectations based on past data

48
Q

direct effects

A

are the direct result of drug action at a particular site

49
Q

Gleason #1

A

practically nontoxic

50
Q

practically non-toxic

A

above 15 g/kg

lethal dose: more than 1 quart

51
Q

gleason #2

A

slightly toxic

52
Q

slightly toxic

A

5-15 g/kg

lethal dose: 1 pint - 1 quart

53
Q

Gleason #3

A

moderately toxic

54
Q

moderately toxic

A

500 mg - 5 g/kg

lethal dose: 1 ounce - 1 pint (or 1 lb)

55
Q

Gleason #4

A

very toxic

56
Q

very toxic

A

50-500 mg/kg

lethal dose: 1 tsp - 1 ounce

57
Q

gleason #5

A

extremely toxic

58
Q

extremely toxic

A

5-50 mg/kg

lethal dose: 7 drops - 1 tsp

59
Q

Gleason #6

A

super toxic

60
Q

super toxic

A

less than 5 mg

lethal dose: a taste (<7 drops)

61
Q

indirect effects

A

allergic reactions
idiosyncratic reactions
mutagenicity/carcinogenicity reactions
teratogenicity reactions

62
Q

teratogenicity reaction

A

birth defects

63
Q

acute exposure

A

a single discrete exposure or many exposures over a relatively short period of time

64
Q

subacute exposure

A

several discrete exposures over a somewhat intermediate period of time

65
Q

chronic exposure

A

continuous exposure over a longer period of time

66
Q

acute toxicity spectrum

A

symptoms of acute toxicity

67
Q

chronic (cumulative) toxicity spectrum

A

symptoms of chronic exposure due to accumulation of toxic substance or toxic injury

68
Q

toxic injury

A

repetitive injury to kidney or liver

69
Q

immediate/emergency treatment

A

stabilization/support

removal from exposure situation

70
Q

sustained treatment

A

continued support
hastening elimination
antidotes

71
Q

acidic diuresis

A

make urine more acidic to remove basic toxicant

72
Q

alkaline diuresis

A

make urine more basic to remove acidic toxicant

73
Q

neutral diuresis

A

osmotic

74
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

filter blood using the peritoneal membrane as the dialyzing membrane

75
Q

hemodialysis

A

run blood through external membrane from artery to vein

76
Q

hemoperfusion

A

trickle blood over adsorbing substance

Drug Action 1 (7 decks)

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