Drive - liver Flashcards
What does the liver convert carbohydrates into?
Glucose
During which state is there a net uptake of glucose by the liver
The absorptive state
What does the liver convert glucose into?
Glycogen or alpha-glycerol phosphate or fatty acids
During what process is glucose converted into alpha-glycerol phosphate?
Reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (via glycolysis)
What are xenobiotics?
Foreign chemical substances not normally found or produced in the body which cannot be used for energy requirements
Through what can xenobiotics be absorbed?
Lungs, skin or ingested
Through what processes are xenobiotics removed from the body
Urine, sweat, breath.
What is a microsome?
A small particle consisting of a piece of endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attach.
What part of the duodenum does the bile enter in?
The junction between D2 and D3.
What type of enzyme are mainly used during phase 1 of detoxification of the liver?
Mainly microsomal enzymes
What type of enzyme are mainly used during phase 2 of detoxification of the liver?
Non-microsomal enzymes.
What is the aim of detoxification in the liver?
To transform the drug (xenobiotic) into less toxic/more water soluble form. So can be excreted in urine
What happens during phase 1 of detoxification in the liver? (2)
Oxidation and hydrolysis reactions
Add OH or SH groups
What happens during phase 2 of detoxification in the liver? (3)
Conjugation
Often involving adding glucuronic acid
Excreted in bile
Where are microsomal enzymes found?
On smooth endoplasmic reticulum - found in liver hepatocytes (can also be found in the kidneys and lungs).
Where are non microsomal enzymes located?
In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of hepatocytes in the liver (also found in other tissue)
Why may some drugs not undergo either phase 1 or 2 reactions?
They are polar, absorb in water and are excreted.
What is the purpose of globulins?
Antibody functions
Where are alpha globulins made?
Liver
Where are beta globulins made?
Liver
Where are gamma globulins made?
Not liver -> derived from bone marrow
What are the main type of globulin?
Gamma
What clotting factors does the liver NOT produce?
Factor 4 (calcium) and Factor 8 (Von Willebrand factor)
What is the function/purpose of complement factors?
Immune response = plasma protein that sticks to pathogens that is recognised by neutrophils (marks pathogens to kill)
