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Theo geology > Dr Rahila > Flashcards

Dr Rahila Flashcards

Hormonal control and Abortion

1
Q

What hormones play a vital role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy

A

PROGESTERONE

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2
Q

Where is progesterone primary produced from

A

the OVARIES (CORPUS LEUTUEM) AND PLACENTA

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3
Q

What happens to progesterone level when fertilization occurs

A

INCREASES

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4
Q

What are the 4 function of progesterone

A

UTERINE LINE THICKING
PREVENTING UTERINE CONTRACTION
INHIBITING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
SUPPORTING BREAST DEVELOPMENT

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5
Q

Mention 5 hormones that are responsible for maintaining pregnancy

A

PROGESTERONE
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
ESTROGEN
relaxin

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6
Q

What is human Chorionic gonadotropins
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions

A

hCG is a hormone produced by the developing embryo after implantation.
*It acts as a “pregnancy hormone” and helps maintain the corpus luteumto continue producing progesterone until the placenta takes over this role.

it also play a role in estr synchonization

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7
Q

What is estrogen
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions

A

Estrogen is another hormone crucial for maintaining pregnancy.
*It is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and fetal adrenal glands.
*Estrogen works with progesterone to enhance blood flow to the uterus, promote fetal development, and prepare the body for childbirth.
*It also helps regulate the production of other hormones necessary for pregnancy.

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8
Q

What is Relaxin
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions

A

Relaxinis a hormone secreted by the corpus luteumand later by the placenta.
*It helps relax the ligaments and connective tissues in the pelvis, allowing for easier passage of the growing fetus during childbirth.
*Relaxinalso plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions until the appropriate time for labor begins

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9
Q

What is oxytocin
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions

A

Oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” is primarily known for its involvement in labor and breastfeeding.
*It contributes to uterine contractions during childbirth and facilitates the ejection of milk from the breasts.
*Oxytocin also plays a role in bonding between the mother and baby and has been associated with feelings of trust and love.

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10
Q

What is abortion?

A

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy after organogenesis is complete but before the fetus is viable.

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11
Q

What is still birth
What is embroyonic death

A

A full-term fetus that is delivered dead is a stillbirth

embryonic death occurs when the prenancy naturally ends before organogenesis

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12
Q

What is the non- infectious causes of abortion in bovine species

A

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
DEFICENCY IN VIT A & E , SELENIUM AND IRON
HEAT STRESS (FEVER OF THE DAM)
TOXIC AGENTS (NITRATE AND NITRITES, ZEARALENONE, ALFLATOXIN, ERGOT ALKALOID
)

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13
Q

Which bacterial found in the environment can cause sporadic abortion in livestock

A

Actinomycespyogenes, Bacillus, Streptococcus spp.

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14
Q

Why is the fetus most affected during bacterial infections

A

because of its immature immune system.

The resulting growth of bacteria can cause the death of the fetus

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15
Q

What causes the death if the fetus

A

The resulting growth of bacteria can cause the death of the fetus

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16
Q

In what stage does Brucella cause abortion

A

Brucellosis causes abortions in the second half of gestation (usually 7 months),

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17
Q

How are the animals infected and what is the pathogenesis and clinical signsf

A

The organisms enter via mucous membranes and invade the udder, lymph nodes, and uterus, causing a placentitis, which may be acute or chronic.

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18
Q

Does Heamophilus somns cause abortion if not what does it cause

A

Heamophilus is not considered an important cause of abortion

it causes infertility

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19
Q

What is the natural inhabitants of the vagina that can cause abortion

A

Ureaplasma diversum

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20
Q

What does ureoplasma cause aside from abortion

A

These organisms have also been implicated as infectious causes of infertility.
*The infection may also result in stillbirths and birth of weak calves.
*Most fetuses are aborted in the third trimester and are well preserved.
*The cows are not sick, but retained placentas are common. Placentitisand a necrotic amniotic membrane are common features.
The intercotyledonaryareas are usually thickened and sometimes contain areas of fibrin deposition and hemorrhage.

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21
Q

What does chlamydiosis cause

A

the cause of enzootic abortion of ewes, causes sporadic abortion in cattle.

22
Q

In what stage does chlamydiosis cause abortion

A

Most abortions occur near the end of the last trimester,

23
Q

What are the pathological lesion of chlamydiosis

A

Placental lesions consist of thickening and yellow-brown exudate adhered to the cotyledons and intercotyledonaryareas

24
Q

What is the health importance of chlamydiosis

A

The bacterium is zoonotic, occasionally producing life-threatening disease and abortion in pregnant women.

25
Q

What stage does leptospirosis affect in gestation

A

The bacterium is zoonotic, occasionally producing life-threatening disease and abortion in pregnant women.

26
Q

What species of leptospirosis is adapted to cattle

A

SerovarHardjois host adapted to cattle

27
Q

What other effect does leptospirosis cause

A
28
Q

What are the pathological lesion of leptospirosis

A

The leptospirescause a diffuse placentitis with avascular, light tan cotyledons and edematous, yellowish intercotyledonary areas.
*The fetus usually dies 1–2 days before expulsion and therefore is autolyzed. Occasionally, calves are born alive but weak.
*Fetuses infected with serovarPomona may show icterus

29
Q

What stage does listeria cause abortion
What are the clinical sign
What is unique about the abortion of listerosis

A

Abortion occurs at any stage of gestation, and the dam may have fever and anorexia before the abortion; retained placenta is common

30
Q

What is the most common diagnose virus in bovine abortion

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

31
Q

Infections of BVD before insemination or during the first 40days result in

A

infertility or embryonic death

32
Q

Infections between 40 and 115 days of pregnancy results in

A

birth of persistently infected calves if the fetus survives

33
Q

What happened to the fetus if it’ll live

A

Fetal infection during the period of organogenesis (100–150 days) may result in congenital malformations of the CNS
(cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrancephaly, hydrocephalus, microencephaly, and spinal cord hypoplasia

34
Q

After 125 days of gestation, BVD may cause?

A

ABORTION

35
Q

What is the major cause of viral abortion in the world

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis(IBR, Bovine Herpesvirus1)

36
Q

What kind of infection does IBR cause

A

LATENT INFECTION

37
Q

Pathogenesis of IBR

A

The virus is carried to the placenta in WBCs; over the next 2 weeks to 4 months, it causes a placentitis, then infects the fetus and kills it in 24 hours.

38
Q

What causes Blue tongue
What transmit blue tongue

A

Orbivirus

39
Q

What brought about abortion mummification, stillbirth and birth of livestock with cns disturbances

A

live virus serotype 10 vaccine in the 1950s,

40
Q

What disease is of minor importance because of the use of Artificial insemination

A

Bovine venereal disease

41
Q

What are the two causesative agents indicated in bovine venereal disease

A

Trichomonas foetus
Campylobacter fetus subspecies veneralis

42
Q

What us the vector of this bovine venereal dosease

How do older bull and younger bull handle this disease

A

Bulls
Older bull clear this disease more repidly and get infected again
But older bull are chronically infected

43
Q

At what stage does trichomonas and campylobacter feotus affect pregnancy

A

At early trimester

44
Q

What fungi cause plancentatis

A

Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Absidia
Rhizopus spp

45
Q

At what stage do they cause disease

A

4 month to term

46
Q

What are the pathological lesion of the fungi infections
Cotyledons
Intercotyledonary
Fetus

A

Enlarged and necrotic
Thicken and leathery
AUTHOLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION

47
Q

Diagnosis of fungi disease

A

Presence of hyphea associated with necrotizing placebtitis, dermatitis and pneumonia

Also presence of fungi in stomach content and placenta skin lesion

48
Q

Neospora

A
49
Q

What is significant about toxoplasma gondi

A

Major cause of abortion in small ruminants

50
Q

What happen when toxoplasma oocye are ingested at the following stages

Early

Late

A

Early resorption or embroyonic death or mummification

Late : Abortion or perinatal death ☠️

Theo geology (9 decks)

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