Dr Rahila Flashcards
Hormonal control and Abortion
What hormones play a vital role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy
PROGESTERONE
Where is progesterone primary produced from
the OVARIES (CORPUS LEUTUEM) AND PLACENTA
What happens to progesterone level when fertilization occurs
INCREASES
What are the 4 function of progesterone
UTERINE LINE THICKING
PREVENTING UTERINE CONTRACTION
INHIBITING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
SUPPORTING BREAST DEVELOPMENT
Mention 5 hormones that are responsible for maintaining pregnancy
PROGESTERONE
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
ESTROGEN
relaxin
What is human Chorionic gonadotropins
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions
hCG is a hormone produced by the developing embryo after implantation.
*It acts as a “pregnancy hormone” and helps maintain the corpus luteumto continue producing progesterone until the placenta takes over this role.
it also play a role in estr synchonization
What is estrogen
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions
Estrogen is another hormone crucial for maintaining pregnancy.
*It is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and fetal adrenal glands.
*Estrogen works with progesterone to enhance blood flow to the uterus, promote fetal development, and prepare the body for childbirth.
*It also helps regulate the production of other hormones necessary for pregnancy.
What is Relaxin
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions
Relaxinis a hormone secreted by the corpus luteumand later by the placenta.
*It helps relax the ligaments and connective tissues in the pelvis, allowing for easier passage of the growing fetus during childbirth.
*Relaxinalso plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions until the appropriate time for labor begins
What is oxytocin
Where is it formed and what is it’s functions
Oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” is primarily known for its involvement in labor and breastfeeding.
*It contributes to uterine contractions during childbirth and facilitates the ejection of milk from the breasts.
*Oxytocin also plays a role in bonding between the mother and baby and has been associated with feelings of trust and love.
What is abortion?
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy after organogenesis is complete but before the fetus is viable.
What is still birth
What is embroyonic death
A full-term fetus that is delivered dead is a stillbirth
embryonic death occurs when the prenancy naturally ends before organogenesis
What is the non- infectious causes of abortion in bovine species
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
DEFICENCY IN VIT A & E , SELENIUM AND IRON
HEAT STRESS (FEVER OF THE DAM)
TOXIC AGENTS (NITRATE AND NITRITES, ZEARALENONE, ALFLATOXIN, ERGOT ALKALOID
)
Which bacterial found in the environment can cause sporadic abortion in livestock
Actinomycespyogenes, Bacillus, Streptococcus spp.
Why is the fetus most affected during bacterial infections
because of its immature immune system.
The resulting growth of bacteria can cause the death of the fetus
What causes the death if the fetus
The resulting growth of bacteria can cause the death of the fetus
In what stage does Brucella cause abortion
Brucellosis causes abortions in the second half of gestation (usually 7 months),
How are the animals infected and what is the pathogenesis and clinical signsf
The organisms enter via mucous membranes and invade the udder, lymph nodes, and uterus, causing a placentitis, which may be acute or chronic.
Does Heamophilus somns cause abortion if not what does it cause
Heamophilus is not considered an important cause of abortion
it causes infertility
What is the natural inhabitants of the vagina that can cause abortion
Ureaplasma diversum
What does ureoplasma cause aside from abortion
These organisms have also been implicated as infectious causes of infertility.
*The infection may also result in stillbirths and birth of weak calves.
*Most fetuses are aborted in the third trimester and are well preserved.
*The cows are not sick, but retained placentas are common. Placentitisand a necrotic amniotic membrane are common features.
The intercotyledonaryareas are usually thickened and sometimes contain areas of fibrin deposition and hemorrhage.
What does chlamydiosis cause
the cause of enzootic abortion of ewes, causes sporadic abortion in cattle.
In what stage does chlamydiosis cause abortion
Most abortions occur near the end of the last trimester,
What are the pathological lesion of chlamydiosis
Placental lesions consist of thickening and yellow-brown exudate adhered to the cotyledons and intercotyledonaryareas
What is the health importance of chlamydiosis
The bacterium is zoonotic, occasionally producing life-threatening disease and abortion in pregnant women.
What stage does leptospirosis affect in gestation
The bacterium is zoonotic, occasionally producing life-threatening disease and abortion in pregnant women.
What species of leptospirosis is adapted to cattle
SerovarHardjois host adapted to cattle
What other effect does leptospirosis cause
What are the pathological lesion of leptospirosis
The leptospirescause a diffuse placentitis with avascular, light tan cotyledons and edematous, yellowish intercotyledonary areas.
*The fetus usually dies 1–2 days before expulsion and therefore is autolyzed. Occasionally, calves are born alive but weak.
*Fetuses infected with serovarPomona may show icterus
What stage does listeria cause abortion
What are the clinical sign
What is unique about the abortion of listerosis
Abortion occurs at any stage of gestation, and the dam may have fever and anorexia before the abortion; retained placenta is common
What is the most common diagnose virus in bovine abortion
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Infections of BVD before insemination or during the first 40days result in
infertility or embryonic death
Infections between 40 and 115 days of pregnancy results in
birth of persistently infected calves if the fetus survives
What happened to the fetus if it’ll live
Fetal infection during the period of organogenesis (100–150 days) may result in congenital malformations of the CNS
(cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrancephaly, hydrocephalus, microencephaly, and spinal cord hypoplasia
After 125 days of gestation, BVD may cause?
ABORTION
What is the major cause of viral abortion in the world
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis(IBR, Bovine Herpesvirus1)
What kind of infection does IBR cause
LATENT INFECTION
Pathogenesis of IBR
The virus is carried to the placenta in WBCs; over the next 2 weeks to 4 months, it causes a placentitis, then infects the fetus and kills it in 24 hours.
What causes Blue tongue
What transmit blue tongue
Orbivirus
What brought about abortion mummification, stillbirth and birth of livestock with cns disturbances
live virus serotype 10 vaccine in the 1950s,
What disease is of minor importance because of the use of Artificial insemination
Bovine venereal disease
What are the two causesative agents indicated in bovine venereal disease
Trichomonas foetus
Campylobacter fetus subspecies veneralis
What us the vector of this bovine venereal dosease
How do older bull and younger bull handle this disease
Bulls
Older bull clear this disease more repidly and get infected again
But older bull are chronically infected
At what stage does trichomonas and campylobacter feotus affect pregnancy
At early trimester
What fungi cause plancentatis
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Absidia
Rhizopus spp
At what stage do they cause disease
4 month to term
What are the pathological lesion of the fungi infections
Cotyledons
Intercotyledonary
Fetus
Enlarged and necrotic
Thicken and leathery
AUTHOLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION
Diagnosis of fungi disease
Presence of hyphea associated with necrotizing placebtitis, dermatitis and pneumonia
Also presence of fungi in stomach content and placenta skin lesion
Neospora
What is significant about toxoplasma gondi
Major cause of abortion in small ruminants
What happen when toxoplasma oocye are ingested at the following stages
Early
Late
Early resorption or embroyonic death or mummification
Late : Abortion or perinatal death ☠️
