Dr. Paul CNS Pathology

Question 1

The main part of the brain conssits of

Answer 1

paired cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

what kind of matter is the diencephalon made of

Answer 2

grey matter

Question 3

deep within the brain there are large gray matter structures what are they called

Answer 3

diencephalon

Question 4

where are the substantia nigra located

Answer 4

in the midbrain

Question 5

what makes up the brainstem

Answer 5

midbrain , pons and medulla

Question 6

the spinal cord extensds from what region

Answer 6

from the lower end of the medulla

Question 7

what is the function of the menegies?

Answer 7

they isolate and protect the orgains from the rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine

Question 8

what are the 3 menegial layer s

Answer 8

PAD –> pia , arachnoid, dura mater

Question 9

what are the 2 crainial layers of the dura mater

Answer 9

1. outer periosteal layer - does not extend to the spinal dura mater. it ends after traversing the foramen magnum
2. inner meningeal layer -this layer continues after traversing the foramen magnum as the spinal dura mater

Question 10

is the arachnoid mater vascular , what does it look like

Answer 10

NO! it is avascular, looks like a loose spider web

Question 11

Is the pia mater vascular

Answer 11

yes it is thin transparent and vascular

Question 12

what makes up the subarachnoid space and what is its function

Answer 12

it is a space between the poa mater and arachnoid mater. it is filled my CSF and cushions and nourishes neuronal tissue.

Question 13

what 2 things make up grey matter

Answer 13

neuron cell bodies , dendritic processes

Question 14

what makes up white mater

Answer 14

axons

Question 15

what 4 things make up the cns

Answer 15

neurons
neuronal processes
supporting cells of the CNS
Blood vessels

Question 16

what structure produces csf

Answer 16

choroid plexus

Question 17

describe the direction of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

Answer 17

outward from ventricles

multidirectional in subarachnoid space

Question 18

what 2 things influence the movement of CSF

Answer 18

1. pulsation of the artery in the choroid plexus

2. aid of the cilia and microvilli of the ependymal cells

Question 19

what fluid is found in the subarachnoid space and what is its function

Answer 19

CSF it cushions and nourishes neural tissue

Question 20

where does the cranial dura mater end

Answer 20

at the opening of the foramen magnum

Question 21

The inner menegial layer creates what 4 major structures

Answer 21

falx cerebri
tentorium ceribri
diaphragma sellae
falx cerebri

Question 22

what 2 layers make up the subarachnoid space

Answer 22

pia the arachnoid

Question 23

what is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex called?

What kind of cells are found there and what do they produces?

Answer 23

plexiform (molecular) layer
nuclel from cells of cajal . They develop a protein called reelin which is a glycoprotein that helps regulate the pcoess of neuronal migration by controlling cell to cell interaction.

Question 24

what is the second layer of the cerebral cortex called and what is hourse hes

Answer 24

outer granular layer

pyramidal cells and other neurons

Question 25

what is the names of the 3rd layer of the cerebral cortex and what cells are housed here

Answer 25

pyramidal layer Martinotti cells are found here. Martinotti cells are multipolar neurons with short branching dendrites. they are responsible for responding to rapid nerve activity in the brain

Question 26

what is the 4th layer called

Answer 26

inner granular layer densely packed stellate cells

Question 27

what is the 5th layer called

Answer 27

ganglionic layer large pyramidal cells , stellate cells, cells of martinoiit cells of betz

Question 28

what is the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex called? Where does it project to?

Answer 28

multiform cell layer. it contains: pyramidal, cells of marinotti , stellate cells,fusiform cells it projects to the thalamus

Question 29

make a chart of the layers !

Answer 29

it will help!

Question 30

what are the 3 types of white matter in the cerebrum

Answer 30

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

Question 31

what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the same hemisphere

Answer 31

association fiber

Question 32

what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the opposite hemisphere. basically, they connect the 2 hemispheres

Answer 32

commissural fibers

Question 33

what kind of fiber is this: connects cerebrum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 33

projection fibers

Question 34

how many neurons are found in the CNS

Answer 34

10 to 15 billion

Question 35

what percent of the total mass of the CNS is made by neuroglia

Answer 35

50%

Question 36

list the 4 types of the neuroglia

Answer 36

oligodendrocytes astrocytes microglia ependymal cells

Question 37

name this glia cell: formation and maintenance of myelin in CNS

Answer 37

Oligodendrocytes

Question 38

name this glia : provide physical and metabolic support for neurons in the CNS. Also provide structural suppor , function as scavenger of ions, contribute to energy metabolizm and maintain blood brain barrier

Answer 38

Astrocytes

Question 39

name this glia : does phagocytosis

Answer 39

microglia

Question 40

name this glia : line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. What are the 2 kinds of shapes

Answer 40

ependymal cells. cuboidal or low columnar cells

Question 41

where are protoplasmic and fiberous astrocytes found

Answer 41

protoplasmic in grey | fibrous found in white

Question 42

is the protoplasmic or fibrous astrocyte branched

Answer 42

protoplasmic is branched

Question 43

where are microglia derived from

Answer 43

mesenchyme

Question 44

what are the 3 important structures fo rthe the blood brain barrier

Answer 44

endothelial cells joined by tight junctions endothelial basement membrane end foot processes of astrocytes

Question 45

where is ammons horn located, what areas are susceptible and resistant to hypoxia

Answer 45

temporal lobe . c1 is susceptible , c2 is resistant

Question 46

where is the substania nigra found

Answer 46

the grey matter of the midbrain

Question 47

is the thalamus grey or white matter

Answer 47

grey matter

Question 48

why can it be dangerous to pop a pimple in the danger triangle on your face

Answer 48

the bacterial can go straight into the cavernous sinus causing a thrombosis, this affects the nerves there. The patient will have ptosis and periorbital ecchymosis

Question 49

what at are the 2 clinical manifestations of a patient with cavernous sinus thrombosis

Answer 49

periorbital edema, and ptosis which is drooping of the upper eyelid

Question 50

what is the name of the H shaped region on the side of the head and what is the clinical importance

Answer 50

pterion . it is the middle meningeal artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery. It enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum

Question 51

is an extrstradural bleed serious?

Answer 51

yes! blood accumulates between the periosteal dura and the cranial bone leading to brain compression called transtentorial uncal herniation. there is a lucid period and then the patient will die if not treated.

Question 52

what is seen in the brain of patients with senile dementia?

Answer 52

cortical lesions called senile plaques