Dr. Paul CNS Pathology Flashcards
The main part of the brain conssits of
paired cerebral hemispheres
what kind of matter is the diencephalon made of
grey matter
deep within the brain there are large gray matter structures what are they called
diencephalon
where are the substantia nigra located
in the midbrain
what makes up the brainstem
midbrain , pons and medulla
the spinal cord extensds from what region
from the lower end of the medulla
what is the function of the menegies?
they isolate and protect the orgains from the rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine
what are the 3 menegial layer s
PAD –> pia , arachnoid, dura mater
what are the 2 crainial layers of the dura mater
- outer periosteal layer - does not extend to the spinal dura mater. it ends after traversing the foramen magnum
- inner meningeal layer -this layer continues after traversing the foramen magnum as the spinal dura mater
is the arachnoid mater vascular , what does it look like
NO! it is avascular, looks like a loose spider web
Is the pia mater vascular
yes it is thin transparent and vascular
what makes up the subarachnoid space and what is its function
it is a space between the poa mater and arachnoid mater. it is filled my CSF and cushions and nourishes neuronal tissue.
what 2 things make up grey matter
neuron cell bodies , dendritic processes
what makes up white mater
axons
what 4 things make up the cns
neurons
neuronal processes
supporting cells of the CNS
Blood vessels
what structure produces csf
choroid plexus
describe the direction of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
outward from ventricles
multidirectional in subarachnoid space
what 2 things influence the movement of CSF
- pulsation of the artery in the choroid plexus
2. aid of the cilia and microvilli of the ependymal cells
what fluid is found in the subarachnoid space and what is its function
CSF it cushions and nourishes neural tissue
where does the cranial dura mater end
at the opening of the foramen magnum
The inner menegial layer creates what 4 major structures
falx cerebri
tentorium ceribri
diaphragma sellae
falx cerebri
what 2 layers make up the subarachnoid space
pia the arachnoid
what is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex called?
What kind of cells are found there and what do they produces?
plexiform (molecular) layer
nuclel from cells of cajal . They develop a protein called reelin which is a glycoprotein that helps regulate the pcoess of neuronal migration by controlling cell to cell interaction.
what is the second layer of the cerebral cortex called and what is hourse hes
outer granular layer
pyramidal cells and other neurons
what is the names of the 3rd layer of the cerebral cortex and what cells are housed here
pyramidal layer
Martinotti cells are found here. Martinotti cells are multipolar neurons with short branching dendrites. they are responsible for responding to rapid nerve activity in the brain
what is the 4th layer called
inner granular layer
densely packed stellate cells
what is the 5th layer called
ganglionic layer
large pyramidal cells , stellate cells, cells of martinoiit cells of betz
what is the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex called? Where does it project to?
multiform cell layer. it contains: pyramidal, cells of marinotti , stellate cells,fusiform cells
it projects to the thalamus
make a chart of the layers !
it will help!
what are the 3 types of white matter in the cerebrum
association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the same hemisphere
association fiber
what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the opposite hemisphere. basically, they connect the 2 hemispheres
commissural fibers
what kind of fiber is this: connects cerebrum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
projection fibers
how many neurons are found in the CNS
10 to 15 billion
what percent of the total mass of the CNS is made by neuroglia
50%
list the 4 types of the neuroglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
name this glia cell: formation and maintenance of myelin in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
name this glia : provide physical and metabolic support for neurons in the CNS. Also provide structural suppor , function as scavenger of ions, contribute to energy metabolizm and maintain blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
name this glia : does phagocytosis
microglia
name this glia : line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. What are the 2 kinds of shapes
ependymal cells.
cuboidal or low columnar cells
where are protoplasmic and fiberous astrocytes found
protoplasmic in grey
fibrous found in white
is the protoplasmic or fibrous astrocyte branched
protoplasmic is branched
where are microglia derived from
mesenchyme
what are the 3 important structures fo rthe the blood brain barrier
endothelial cells joined by tight junctions
endothelial basement membrane
end foot processes of astrocytes
where is ammons horn located, what areas are susceptible and resistant to hypoxia
temporal lobe . c1 is susceptible , c2 is resistant
where is the substania nigra found
the grey matter of the midbrain
is the thalamus grey or white matter
grey matter
why can it be dangerous to pop a pimple in the danger triangle on your face
the bacterial can go straight into the cavernous sinus
causing a thrombosis, this affects the nerves there.
The patient will have ptosis and periorbital ecchymosis
what at are the 2 clinical manifestations of a patient with cavernous sinus thrombosis
periorbital edema, and ptosis which is drooping of the upper eyelid
what is the name of the H shaped region on the side of the head and what is the clinical importance
pterion . it is the middle meningeal artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery. It enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum
is an extrstradural bleed serious?
yes! blood accumulates between the periosteal dura and the cranial bone leading to brain compression called transtentorial uncal herniation.
there is a lucid period and then the patient will die if not treated.
what is seen in the brain of patients with senile dementia?
cortical lesions called senile plaques
