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Neuro: Headache Week 1 > Dr. Paul CNS Pathology > Flashcards

Dr. Paul CNS Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The main part of the brain conssits of

A

paired cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

what kind of matter is the diencephalon made of

A

grey matter

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3
Q

deep within the brain there are large gray matter structures what are they called

A

diencephalon

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4
Q

where are the substantia nigra located

A

in the midbrain

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5
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain , pons and medulla

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6
Q

the spinal cord extensds from what region

A

from the lower end of the medulla

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7
Q

what is the function of the menegies?

A

they isolate and protect the orgains from the rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine

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8
Q

what are the 3 menegial layer s

A

PAD –> pia , arachnoid, dura mater

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9
Q

what are the 2 crainial layers of the dura mater

A
  1. outer periosteal layer - does not extend to the spinal dura mater. it ends after traversing the foramen magnum
  2. inner meningeal layer -this layer continues after traversing the foramen magnum as the spinal dura mater
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10
Q

is the arachnoid mater vascular , what does it look like

A

NO! it is avascular, looks like a loose spider web

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11
Q

Is the pia mater vascular

A

yes it is thin transparent and vascular

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12
Q

what makes up the subarachnoid space and what is its function

A

it is a space between the poa mater and arachnoid mater. it is filled my CSF and cushions and nourishes neuronal tissue.

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13
Q

what 2 things make up grey matter

A

neuron cell bodies , dendritic processes

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14
Q

what makes up white mater

A

axons

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15
Q

what 4 things make up the cns

A

neurons
neuronal processes
supporting cells of the CNS
Blood vessels

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16
Q

what structure produces csf

A

choroid plexus

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17
Q

describe the direction of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

A

outward from ventricles

multidirectional in subarachnoid space

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18
Q

what 2 things influence the movement of CSF

A
  1. pulsation of the artery in the choroid plexus

2. aid of the cilia and microvilli of the ependymal cells

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19
Q

what fluid is found in the subarachnoid space and what is its function

A

CSF it cushions and nourishes neural tissue

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20
Q

where does the cranial dura mater end

A

at the opening of the foramen magnum

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21
Q

The inner menegial layer creates what 4 major structures

A

falx cerebri
tentorium ceribri
diaphragma sellae
falx cerebri

22
Q

what 2 layers make up the subarachnoid space

A

pia the arachnoid

23
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex called?

What kind of cells are found there and what do they produces?

A

plexiform (molecular) layer
nuclel from cells of cajal . They develop a protein called reelin which is a glycoprotein that helps regulate the pcoess of neuronal migration by controlling cell to cell interaction.

24
Q

what is the second layer of the cerebral cortex called and what is hourse hes

A

outer granular layer

pyramidal cells and other neurons

25
Q

what is the names of the 3rd layer of the cerebral cortex and what cells are housed here

A

pyramidal layer

Martinotti cells are found here. Martinotti cells are multipolar neurons with short branching dendrites. they are responsible for responding to rapid nerve activity in the brain

26
Q

what is the 4th layer called

A

inner granular layer

densely packed stellate cells

27
Q

what is the 5th layer called

A

ganglionic layer

large pyramidal cells , stellate cells, cells of martinoiit cells of betz

28
Q

what is the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex called? Where does it project to?

A

multiform cell layer. it contains: pyramidal, cells of marinotti , stellate cells,fusiform cells

it projects to the thalamus

29
Q

make a chart of the layers !

A

it will help!

30
Q

what are the 3 types of white matter in the cerebrum

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

31
Q

what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the same hemisphere

A

association fiber

32
Q

what kind of fiber does this: connect gyri in the opposite hemisphere. basically, they connect the 2 hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

33
Q

what kind of fiber is this: connects cerebrum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

34
Q

how many neurons are found in the CNS

A

10 to 15 billion

35
Q

what percent of the total mass of the CNS is made by neuroglia

A

50%

36
Q

list the 4 types of the neuroglia

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

37
Q

name this glia cell: formation and maintenance of myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

38
Q

name this glia : provide physical and metabolic support for neurons in the CNS. Also provide structural suppor , function as scavenger of ions, contribute to energy metabolizm and maintain blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

name this glia : does phagocytosis

A

microglia

40
Q

name this glia : line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. What are the 2 kinds of shapes

A

ependymal cells.

cuboidal or low columnar cells

41
Q

where are protoplasmic and fiberous astrocytes found

A

protoplasmic in grey

fibrous found in white

42
Q

is the protoplasmic or fibrous astrocyte branched

A

protoplasmic is branched

43
Q

where are microglia derived from

A

mesenchyme

44
Q

what are the 3 important structures fo rthe the blood brain barrier

A

endothelial cells joined by tight junctions
endothelial basement membrane
end foot processes of astrocytes

45
Q

where is ammons horn located, what areas are susceptible and resistant to hypoxia

A

temporal lobe . c1 is susceptible , c2 is resistant

46
Q

where is the substania nigra found

A

the grey matter of the midbrain

47
Q

is the thalamus grey or white matter

A

grey matter

48
Q

why can it be dangerous to pop a pimple in the danger triangle on your face

A

the bacterial can go straight into the cavernous sinus
causing a thrombosis, this affects the nerves there.

The patient will have ptosis and periorbital ecchymosis

49
Q

what at are the 2 clinical manifestations of a patient with cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

periorbital edema, and ptosis which is drooping of the upper eyelid

50
Q

what is the name of the H shaped region on the side of the head and what is the clinical importance

A

pterion . it is the middle meningeal artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery. It enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum

51
Q

is an extrstradural bleed serious?

A

yes! blood accumulates between the periosteal dura and the cranial bone leading to brain compression called transtentorial uncal herniation.

there is a lucid period and then the patient will die if not treated.

52
Q

what is seen in the brain of patients with senile dementia?

A

cortical lesions called senile plaques

Neuro: Headache Week 1 (9 decks)

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