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Neuro: Headache Week 1 > Axonal Transport, Neurotransmittters, Neuromodulators > Flashcards

Axonal Transport, Neurotransmittters, Neuromodulators Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the structure of a neuron

A

cell body - soma
Dendrites
Axon

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

unipolar - dorsal root ganglion
Bipolar - retinal bipolar
Multipolar - neurons in brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

t/f the cytoplasm has the capacity for locomotion

A

true

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4
Q

what are the 3 major types of cytoskeleton and define them

A

neurofilaments- provide structural support and most numerous in the axon

microfilaments- form a matrix near the periphery of

microtubules- consist of arrays of alpha and beta tubulin subunits are found in all parts of a neuron , used in axonal transport. These are the railroads!

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5
Q

What moves along microtubules

A

motors

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of motors

A

Dyenin, Kinesin, Myosin

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7
Q

What is the function of dynenin and kinesin

A

they are motors that are used to move things from one end to the other (unlike myosin which is used for force)

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8
Q

what holds microtubles together

A

MAP microtubule associated proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of tau

A

it holds the microtubule together

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10
Q

What is happening in alzheimers disease

A

tau is messed up. this means that the microtubules become weak and nothing is able to move along them

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11
Q

what kind of energy helps kinesin move

A

ATP

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12
Q

What is the direction the kinesin walks on a microtubule

A

it walks from the negative to positive end

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13
Q

in a neuron what is the negative and positive end

A 
negative = soma
positive = terminal
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14
Q

in which direction of the dynein move

A

from the positive to the negative end

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15
Q

what does anterograde refer to and which motor protein is responsible for it?

A

movement from the soma to the terminal . Kinesin is responsible for it , moves about 100-400 mm/day

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16
Q

What does retrograde refer to and which motor protein is responsible for it

A

movement from the the terminal to the soma. Dynein is responsible for it , moves 60 -100 mm/day

17
Q

How does slow anterograde transport differ from fast anterograde transport

A

1-4 mm/day
does NOT use a motor
delivers cytosoloic and cytoskeletal proteins

18
Q

what are 3 things that use slow anterograde transport

A

enzymes
neurofilaments
enzymes

19
Q

what are the 2 basic types of neurotransmitters

A

small molecule

20
Q

what are 4 criteria that define a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. synthesized in the neuron
  2. storage in vesicles
  3. release mechanism
  4. mimicry
  5. inactivation is possible
21
Q

glutamine is transformed into glutamate by :

glutamate is broken back down by:

A

glutaminase

Glutamate synthase

22
Q

is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

23
Q

what are the key features of GABA?

A

It is inhibitory, the predominant precursor for GABA synthesis is glucose which turns into glutamate. glutamate then turns into GABA

24
Q

glycine is made from what and what is the key enzyme

A

glycine is made from serine.

the key enzyme is serine hydroxymethyltransferase

25
Q

is glycine inhibitory or excitatory

A

inhibitory

26
Q

what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

27
Q

what is the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine

A

tyrosine –> L dopa –> Dopamine –> norepinephrin

28
Q

norepinephrine is also termed and where is it found

A

nor adrenaline, locus coeruleus

29
Q

what role does nor adrenaline play

A

regulates attention, arousal, sleep, wake

30
Q

where are the two locations where the largest concentration of dopaminergic neurons are located

A

substantia nigra

ventral tegmental area

31
Q

adrenaline is also known as

A

epinephrine

32
Q

where are the two places where adrenaline neurons are located

A

lateral tegmental system + medulla

33
Q

how is serotonin made

A

tryptophan –> hydroxytryptophan –> sertonin

34
Q

where are serotonin containing neurons mostly found

A

raphe nuclein

35
Q

how is histamine made and what is the rate limiting enzyme

A

histidine –> histidine

rate limiting enzyme = histidine decarboxylase

36
Q

where are large molecule transmitters made

A

in the soma

37
Q

what are 2 kinds of unconventinal neuro transmitters

A

endoconnabinoids

nitiric oxide

Neuro: Headache Week 1 (9 decks)

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