Axonal Transport, Neurotransmittters, Neuromodulators Flashcards
What are the 3 parts that make up the structure of a neuron
cell body - soma
Dendrites
Axon
What are the 3 types of neurons
unipolar - dorsal root ganglion
Bipolar - retinal bipolar
Multipolar - neurons in brain and spinal cord
t/f the cytoplasm has the capacity for locomotion
true
what are the 3 major types of cytoskeleton and define them
neurofilaments- provide structural support and most numerous in the axon
microfilaments- form a matrix near the periphery of
microtubules- consist of arrays of alpha and beta tubulin subunits are found in all parts of a neuron , used in axonal transport. These are the railroads!
What moves along microtubules
motors
what are the 3 types of motors
Dyenin, Kinesin, Myosin
What is the function of dynenin and kinesin
they are motors that are used to move things from one end to the other (unlike myosin which is used for force)
what holds microtubles together
MAP microtubule associated proteins
What is the function of tau
it holds the microtubule together
What is happening in alzheimers disease
tau is messed up. this means that the microtubules become weak and nothing is able to move along them
what kind of energy helps kinesin move
ATP
What is the direction the kinesin walks on a microtubule
it walks from the negative to positive end
in a neuron what is the negative and positive end
negative = soma positive = terminal
in which direction of the dynein move
from the positive to the negative end
what does anterograde refer to and which motor protein is responsible for it?
movement from the soma to the terminal . Kinesin is responsible for it , moves about 100-400 mm/day
What does retrograde refer to and which motor protein is responsible for it
movement from the the terminal to the soma. Dynein is responsible for it , moves 60 -100 mm/day
How does slow anterograde transport differ from fast anterograde transport
1-4 mm/day
does NOT use a motor
delivers cytosoloic and cytoskeletal proteins
what are 3 things that use slow anterograde transport
enzymes
neurofilaments
enzymes
what are the 2 basic types of neurotransmitters
small molecule
what are 4 criteria that define a neurotransmitter?
- synthesized in the neuron
- storage in vesicles
- release mechanism
- mimicry
- inactivation is possible
glutamine is transformed into glutamate by :
glutamate is broken back down by:
glutaminase
Glutamate synthase
is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory
Excitatory
what are the key features of GABA?
It is inhibitory, the predominant precursor for GABA synthesis is glucose which turns into glutamate. glutamate then turns into GABA
glycine is made from what and what is the key enzyme
glycine is made from serine.
the key enzyme is serine hydroxymethyltransferase
is glycine inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory
what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
what is the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine
tyrosine –> L dopa –> Dopamine –> norepinephrin
norepinephrine is also termed and where is it found
nor adrenaline, locus coeruleus
what role does nor adrenaline play
regulates attention, arousal, sleep, wake
where are the two locations where the largest concentration of dopaminergic neurons are located
substantia nigra
ventral tegmental area
adrenaline is also known as
epinephrine
where are the two places where adrenaline neurons are located
lateral tegmental system + medulla
how is serotonin made
tryptophan –> hydroxytryptophan –> sertonin
where are serotonin containing neurons mostly found
raphe nuclein
how is histamine made and what is the rate limiting enzyme
histidine –> histidine
rate limiting enzyme = histidine decarboxylase
where are large molecule transmitters made
in the soma
what are 2 kinds of unconventinal neuro transmitters
endoconnabinoids
nitiric oxide
