DONE Haematology

Question 1

Role of erythropoietin

Answer 1

Increases rate of RBC production from bone marrow

Question 2

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 2

Platelets, produced from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 3

What are white blood cells called?

Answer 3

Leucocytes

Question 4

What are the 3 polymorphonuclear granulocytes (WBC’s)?

Answer 4

Neutrophils = phagocytes, short-lived, 1st in immune response
Eosinophils = phagocytes, red-staining granules, ingest antigen-antibody complexes
Basophils = dark purple granules, contain histamine

Question 5

What are the 2 agranulocytes (WBC’s)?

Answer 5

Monocytes = macrophage, more cytoplasm than lymphocytes
Lymphocytes = helper T cells (recognise foreign proteins), B cells (produce antibodies), natural killer cells (apoptosis in damaged cells)

Question 6

Haemopoeisis

Answer 6

Process of production of mature blood cells from haemopeoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 7

Growth factors that generate the following:
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Lymphocytes

Answer 7

Erythropoietin
G-CSF
Thrombopoietin
Interleukins

Question 8

Bone marrow

Answer 8

Medulla Ossea, in spongy/cancellous bone
Makes all haemopoietic cells
Produces 500 billion blood cells/day

Question 9

Red marrow

Answer 9

Developing blood cells
Only in spongy/cancellous bone
Replenishes cells in blood = haemopoeisis

Question 10

Yellow marrow

Answer 10

More yellow than red as you age
Adipocytes
Poor blood supply
Shock absorber + energy supply
Convert to red marrow (e.g. in anaemia)

Question 11

3 layers in veins

Answer 11

Tunica intima = endothelial cells
Tunica media = elastic fibres + smooth muscle
Tunica externa = elastic fibrous capsule

Question 12

What are the 4 types of veins?

Answer 12

Pulmonary = oxygenated blood from lungs to LA
Systemic = oxygen-depleted from body to RA
Superficial = close to skin surface, not near artery
Deep = in muscle, near arteries of same name

Question 13

What are the 2 portal venous systems?

Answer 13

Hepatic portal vein
Hypophyseal portal system (hypothalamus)

Question 14

What are the 3 layers of an artery?

Answer 14

Tunica intima = elastic mem. + smooth endothelium
Tunica media = smooth muscle + elastic fibres, thicker than in veins
Tunica externa = collagen + elastic fibres, allows stretch + prevents over-expansion

Question 15

2 types of artery

Answer 15

Muscular = smooth muscle instead of collagen + elastin
Elastic = largest, lots of collagen + elastin

Question 16

Collateral blood vessels

Answer 16

Arteriolar that develop as alternative path for arterial blood flow
1. Due to chronic disease (plaques causing iscahemia)
2. Development (brain/joints)

Question 17

Vasculogenesis

Answer 17

Formation of new blood vessels (embryo development, cancers)

Question 18

Angiogenesis

Answer 18

Formation of new blood vessels from existing ones (e.g. fetal development, collateral arteries)

Question 19

Pericyte

Answer 19

Immature smooth muscle cell
In basement membrane of capillaries + venules
Function = prevent endothelial cell proliferation, maintain tight capillaries