DONE Cells And Tissues

Question 1

What are the 4 tissue types?

Answer 1

Connective, nervous, epithelial, muscle

Question 2

Limit of resolution

Answer 2

Minimum distance at which 2 objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as 2 separate objects

Question 3

Name 5 tissue procurement/biopsy techniques

Answer 3

Endometrial biopsy, endometrial curettage, hysterectomy, pipelle, venepuncture

Question 4

Why are tissue samples fixed?

Answer 4

To protect from decay

Question 5

Name a preservation chemical

Answer 5

Formalin

Question 6

What does haematoxylin stain and what colour?

Answer 6

Acidic DNA and RNA, blue

Question 7

What does eosin stain? What colour?

Answer 7

Basic proteins like cytoplasm, pink

Question 8

Define tissues and what is the Latin meaning?

Answer 8

Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function, woven

Question 9

Organs

Answer 9

2 or more tissues combined to create a structural unit with a specific function

Question 10

What three things combine to form the mucosal membrane?

Answer 10

Epithelium, basal lamina and lamina propria

Question 11

Lateral epithelial cell adherence systems

Answer 11

Tight junction = @ top, long cell-cell fusion point, prevent entry of large molecules
Adhesion junctions = in pairs, actin filaments linked to proteins, transport barrier
Desmosome = strongest, cytokeratin fibres + proteins, mechanical strength, only one in epidermal cells
Gap junctions = @ base, in cardiac/smooth muscle, NOT in sperm/erthyrocytes (no connexin), protein cylinders in hexagons, allow free movement of small molecules

Question 12

Basal epithelial cell adherence systems

Answer 12

Hemi-desmosome = anchor epithelial cells to basal lamina via integrins/cytokeratin filaments
Focal adhesions = attach actin to basal lamina using integrins + fibronectin
Integrins = heterodimers, weak + phosphorylated by focal adhesion kinases = stronger

Question 13

What is the mucosal membrane?

Answer 13

Epithelium, basal lamina + lamina propria (CT)

Question 14

What are the 5 layers of the GI tract?

Answer 14

MUCOSA (lumen) = epithelial
MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE = smooth muscle
SUBMUCOSA = CT with arteries + veins
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA = smooth inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
SEROSA = CT with collagen + elastin

Question 15

Function of mucosa in GI tract

Answer 15

Absorb substances from lumen
Prevent pathogen entry
Peristalsis

Question 16

Mucous membranes

Answer 16

Line internal tubes that open to the exterior (GI tract)

Has epithelium, lamina propria (CT), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Question 17

Serous membranes

Answer 17

Thin, 2-part membranes line closed body cavities
E.g. pleural sacs (envelop lungs), peritoneum (envelop abdominal organs)
Simple squamous epithelia, thin CT layer

Question 18

Acute bronchitis

Answer 18

Cough/mucus/breathless < 3 months

Inflammation and narrowed airways, excess mucus in passageways

Question 19

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 19

At least 2 x for 3 months/more within 2 yrs, start of irreparable bronchiole/alveoli damage

Question 20

Emphysema

Answer 20

Short of breath from loss of elastic recoil/air sac damage, no fibrosis

Question 21

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 21

Umbrella term for chronic bronchitis + emphysema

Question 22

Asthma

Answer 22

Bronchospasm, airway narrows, mucus obstruction