DONE Glands Flashcards
Define gland
Epithelial cell/aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance, classified according to structure and secretions
Secretion
Production and release of materials by a cell/aggregate of cells
Where do endocrine glands secrete their secretions?
Directly into blood
What are the secretions of endocrine glands?
Hormones
Name a gland in the hypothalamus that is endocrine
Pituitary
Where do exocrine glands secrete their secretions?
Into a region of the body via a duct
What are the secretions in exocrine glands?
Enzymes and lubricants
Name an exocrine gland
Salivary, mammary, pancreas
Name the 3 classifications of secretions
Merocrine, apocrine, halocrine
Define glycosylation
The covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids
Define phagocytosis
Process by which cells engulf other cells/particles
Define pinocytosis
Process in which liquid droplets are ingested by cells
Name an endocrine gland
Pituitary, thyroid
Secretions of pituitary gland
TSH, FSH, LH
Secretions of thyroid gland
T4 and T3 (if high = hyperthyroidism)
Adrenal gland secretions
Corticosteroids
Pancreas secretions
Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta = insulin
Exocrine function of pancreas (acini)
Enzymes = lipase, amylase, trypsinogen (converted to trypsin)
Endocrine function of pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Hormones = glucagon (catabolises glycogen to glucose), insulin (uptake + storage of glucose), ghrelin (increases feeding behaviour)
What is the largest exocrine gland?
Liver
Hepatic blood supply
Hepatic portal vein = liver gets blood
Hepatic artery = oxy. blood
Come together in sinusoids (tubes with gaps) into central canal = hepatic vein, bile duct out
Portal triad @ edge of liver lobule
Kupffer cells
Macrophage in sinusoidal lining
Stellate (Ito) cells
Contain vitamin A
Functions of liver
Storage = Fe, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins
Anabolism (production) = albumin, HDL/LDL, AA’s
Catabolism = drugs, hormones, after splenectomy = RBCs
Other = produce bile, filter cell debris from blood
Define the stress response
A state of real/perceived threat to homeostasis
What are the behavioural changes in the stress response?
Increased awareness/cognition
Euphoria
What are the physiological adaptations of the stress response?
Increased cardiovascular tone/resp. Rate
Decreased digestion/growth/immunity
Parotid glands and function
Side of mouth in front of ears (striated ducts)
Salivary gland, secrete serous fluid of amylase to start food digestion
Parasympathetic stimulation to increase saliva
Glands surrounded by fibrous capsule = limits swelling = pain during parotitis
