DONE Glands

Question 1

Define gland

Answer 1

Epithelial cell/aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance, classified according to structure and secretions

Question 2

Secretion

Answer 2

Production and release of materials by a cell/aggregate of cells

Question 3

Where do endocrine glands secrete their secretions?

Answer 3

Directly into blood

Question 4

What are the secretions of endocrine glands?

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

Name a gland in the hypothalamus that is endocrine

Answer 5

Pituitary

Question 6

Where do exocrine glands secrete their secretions?

Answer 6

Into a region of the body via a duct

Question 7

What are the secretions in exocrine glands?

Answer 7

Enzymes and lubricants

Question 8

Name an exocrine gland

Answer 8

Salivary, mammary, pancreas

Question 9

Name the 3 classifications of secretions

Answer 9

Merocrine, apocrine, halocrine

Question 10

Define glycosylation

Answer 10

The covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 11

Define phagocytosis

Answer 11

Process by which cells engulf other cells/particles

Question 12

Define pinocytosis

Answer 12

Process in which liquid droplets are ingested by cells

Question 13

Name an endocrine gland

Answer 13

Pituitary, thyroid

Question 14

Secretions of pituitary gland

Answer 14

TSH, FSH, LH

Question 15

Secretions of thyroid gland

Answer 15

T4 and T3 (if high = hyperthyroidism)

Question 16

Adrenal gland secretions

Answer 16

Corticosteroids

Question 17

Pancreas secretions

Answer 17

Alpha cells = glucagon

Beta = insulin

Question 18

Exocrine function of pancreas (acini)

Answer 18

Enzymes = lipase, amylase, trypsinogen (converted to trypsin)

Question 19

Endocrine function of pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

Answer 19

Hormones = glucagon (catabolises glycogen to glucose), insulin (uptake + storage of glucose), ghrelin (increases feeding behaviour)

Question 20

What is the largest exocrine gland?

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

Hepatic blood supply

Answer 21

Hepatic portal vein = liver gets blood
Hepatic artery = oxy. blood
Come together in sinusoids (tubes with gaps) into central canal = hepatic vein, bile duct out
Portal triad @ edge of liver lobule

Question 22

Kupffer cells

Answer 22

Macrophage in sinusoidal lining

Question 23

Stellate (Ito) cells

Answer 23

Contain vitamin A

Question 24

Functions of liver

Answer 24

Storage = Fe, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins
Anabolism (production) = albumin, HDL/LDL, AA’s
Catabolism = drugs, hormones, after splenectomy = RBCs
Other = produce bile, filter cell debris from blood

Question 25

Define the stress response

Answer 25

A state of real/perceived threat to homeostasis

Question 26

What are the behavioural changes in the stress response?

Answer 26

Increased awareness/cognition

Euphoria

Question 27

What are the physiological adaptations of the stress response?

Answer 27

Increased cardiovascular tone/resp. Rate

Decreased digestion/growth/immunity

Question 28

Parotid glands and function

Answer 28

Side of mouth in front of ears (striated ducts)
Salivary gland, secrete serous fluid of amylase to start food digestion
Parasympathetic stimulation to increase saliva
Glands surrounded by fibrous capsule = limits swelling = pain during parotitis