doko terms sunday Flashcards
agents of socialization
People and groups that teach us about our culture.
We learn different lessons from family, friends, and total institutions, media
generalized other
the values and orientations of the overall community
mead’s “I”
one’s sense of agency, action, power.
Infants only know the I.
Spontaneous, impulsive, tends not to consider others, focuses more on satisfying immediate desires.
Mead’s “me”
Socialized sense of self – the self as perceived as an object by the “I”.
Learned from interactions with others / social interaction.
Considers others.
Encourages conformity to norms.
Mead’s “Stages of Social Development”
- preplay, imitating
- playstage - one status
- playstage - two statuses
- generalized other –> understanding society
Other
someone / something outside oneself
Re-socialization
The process by which we replace old norms and behaviors with new ones as we move from one role or life-stage to another
Self
the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
Socialization
the process by which
(1) people learn about their culture
(2) we learn to become a functioning member of society and
(3) individuals internalize values, beliefs, norms of society
Total Institution
confining social settings in which an authority regulates all aspects of a person’s life. E.g. prison, mental institution, nursing home, military
3 major aspects of socialization
1) content and processes people use to socialize others
2) context in which socialization occurs
3) results that arise from those contexts and processes
biological determinism
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be the only factor in the socialization of a person.
Human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes.
Lead to eugenics then disbanded in favor of social determinism which was popular and now shares space with epigenetics
contexts of socialization
1) biological (biological determinism, social determinism, epigenetics)
2) psychological
3) social (period effects, group effects, social status)
content and processes of socialization
content of socialization is culture.
Processes – agents of socializations, re-socialization, total institutions, media as a agent.
results of socialization
(1) Sociology of thought – generalized other, role taking, thought communities, group differences in cognition.
(2) Sociology of emotion – how what we know affects the way we interpret our feelings, feeling rules, edgework
biological context
biological factors that influence socialization
psychological context
the way a person feels interacts with their socialization.
social context
Period effects, group effects, social status
epigenetics
both nature and nurture matter in the socialization of a person
gaze monitoring
When ego follows the gaze of alter and infers what alter must be thinking.
Key step in developing sense of other.
ego
focal individual, the person whose behavior is being analyzed
alter
a person connected to the ego, this person is potentially influencing the behavior of the ego
genotype
The genetic makeup of a being.
epigenetic
environment deflects or alters the course of the developing phenotype
looking glass self
Cooley.
1) we imagine our image in the eyes of other people.
2) we imagine others making some judgements about us.
3) We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgement.
peer group
A group of people, usually of similar age, who share similar interests and social status
phenotype
Observable Characteristics.
period effects
historical context that affects all members of a population.
group effects
The effect group membership has on an individual’s socialization
social cognition
refers to a number of different processes related to conspecifics including
- How we pay attention
- The meanings that things have for us
- Our ability to remember and process information
social determinism
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be inconsequential in the socialization of a person. Instead, only social factors matter.
role taking
the ability to see the world from someone else’s perspective.
thought communities
social groups that share cognitive patterns.
fundamental attribution error
privileging personal explanations over situational explanations.
ultimate attribution error
the tendency to explain negative outcomes of out-group members as a result of their personality while positive outcomes are viewed as rare.
feeling rules
Norms about the acceptable feelings to experience in a certain environment.
emotional labor
Jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients
edgework
The practice of voluntarily engaging in risky behavior that may result in severe injury or death.
mead
4-stages of socialization
Eugenics
Well-born
achieved status
a position in a social system that a person attains voluntarily, to a considerable degree, as the result of their own actions.
ascribed status
a position in a social system, assigned to a person at birth, regardless of their wishes.
dramaturgical theory
we are all actors on metaphorical stage with roles, scripts, costumes, sets
ethnomethodology
harold garfinkel, the methods of the people, famous for breaching experiments, approach to studying human interaction that focuses on how we make sense of the world, convey this understanding to others and produce social order.
face
the esteem in which an individual is held by others
gender roles
sets of norms accompanying one’s status as a male or female
master status
A status that is so important that it overrides other statuses that a person may hold.
roles
Sets of expected behaviors associated with a given status.
role strain
incompatibility among roleds corresponding to a single status [publish or parish and roles of professor]
role conflict
When two or more statuses held by an individual produce contradictory role expectations.
status
A position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual.
status set
all your statuses at a given time
social structure
Recurring patterns of behavior. Occurs at micro, meso and macro levels.
in-groups
a group you belong to
out-groups
a group to which you do not belong
privilege
a special advantage or benefit that is not enjoyed by everyone
personal hypothesis
explanation of behavior that privileges the individual
situational hypothesis
explanation of behavior that privileges the situation
thomas theorem
when people perceive their circumstances to be real they become real in their consequences
social tie
relationship
centrality
Location within a social network – many contacts
node
person
strong ties
more likely to produce desired outcomes
weak ties
less likely to produce desired outcomes
meso
middle level – groups of people within a society
micro
individual interactions
macro
societies interactions
Little Maddy plays duck, duck, goose at school. This requires that she understand both her role and the role of the other kids. Which of Mead’s four steps is Maddie likely to be enjoying?
game
Scholars note that secondary desertification is a key change in places Israel. The resulting changes in food availability affect many aspects of social life. This is an example of a(n)
Period effect
Pat goes to NSC. During Pat’s Sociology course, Pat learns that Seattle Central Sam wrote one of the most important explanations of social inequality to date. Pat explains this by saying, “well, usually Central grads are not that smart. Sam is a rare exception.” This type of thinking represents which of the following?
ultimate attribution error
Pat is an accountant who works from home caring for an infant daughter. Pat’s employer expects a call from Pat to the office every morning for the department briefing and then Pat spends the rest of the day doing accounting, contacting clients via email, and filing paperwork electronically. Which of the following is a role for Pat?
calling in for the morning briefing
According to YMAY, what is the esteem in which others hold us?
Face
Which of the following illustrates how gender is structured in our society?
Men and women are encouraged to assume different statuses and roles within the family.
Which of the following is consistent with an application of Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory to our social world?
.We are all like actors2.We all have roles to play
Which of the following best characterizes the work of Fowler and Christakis?Qualitative, .Quantitative, Experiment, Ethnography
quantitative
Fowler and Christakis argue that…1.people who are happier are more likely to make friends. 2.people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy 3.people sort themselves into groups based on their happiness
2.people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy
Fowler and Christakis demonstrate that…Happiness is a network phenomenon 2.A happy person only affects their proximate ties 3.Happiness only spreads across friends and family 4.All of the Above 5.(1) and (2) only
Happiness is a network phenomenon
sappir whorf hypothesis
language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience.
homophily
tendency for people to choose relationships with people who have similar attributions
component (christakis / fowler)
a group of nodes that is a subset of a full network and in which each node is connected by at least one path to every other node in the same component
Cluster
a group of nodes of a CERTAIN TYPE
“degree of separation”
social distance of two individuals as measured by the smallest number of intermediary ties.
christakis / fowler findings
happiness greater for those surrounded by many people that are happy
people surrounded by happy people and those central in network are more likely to become happy in future.
nearby mutual friends = greatest factor in happiness
also:
happy friend within a mile, nextdoor neighbors, siblings, spouses (sibs and spouses less so)
happiness extends up to three degrees of separation
The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.
Socialization
The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
Self
One’s sense of agency, action, or power.
“I”
Socialized sense of self
“Me”
Someone or something outside of oneself
Other
An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before
Generalized Other
The process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution
Re socialization
An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. Eg, military, jail, nursing home
Total Institution
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
Status
The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
Role
All the statuses one holds simultaneously
Status set
A status into which one is born; involuntary status
Ascribed Status
One status into which one enters; voluntary status
Achieved Status
One status within a set that stands out or overrides all others
Master Status
Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female
Gender Role
A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions
Symbolic Interactionism
The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
Dramaturgical Theory
The esteem in which an individual is held by others.
Face
The start of an encounter
Opening
Refraining from directly interacting with someone, even someone you know, until an opening bracket has been issued.
Civil Inattention
Literally “the methods of the people”; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.
Ethnomethodology
Three major aspects to socialization
The content and process of socialization The context ““The results “”
The content of socialization is____
Culture
Process’ have been outlined by 3 different scholars whom are…?
MeadCooley Cohen
What do these process’ help us do?
They help us understand ourselves in relation to others.
The collection of thoughts and feelings when considering yourself as an object
Sense of self
What does “I” mean?
“I” is unsocialized , spontaneous, impulsive, and creativeTends not to consider others Focuses more on satisfying immediate desires
What does “me” mean?
“me” is the socialized sense of selfthat has been learned from interactions with othersTends to consider othersEncourages conformity to norms
Gaze monitoring was originated by who?
Cohen
when one follows the gaze of another and infers what they must be thinking/feeling
Gaze Monitoring
What is the “looking glass self” and who created it?
1.We imagine our image in the eyes of others.2.We imagine others making some judgment about us.3.We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgmentCOOLEY
Mead created what four steps to socialization?
- Pre play - imitating others2. Play - understanding 1 status3. Game stage - understanding two statuses4 Generalized Other - understanding society as a whole
A group of people, usually of similar age, who share similar interests and social status
Peer groups
What are the 3 contexts of socialization?
1.Biological2.Psychological3.Social
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be the only factor in the socialization of a person.
Biological Determinism
Means “well-born
Eugenics
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be inconsequential in the socialization of a person. Instead, only social factors matter.
Sociological Determinism
the idea that genes interact with environment to condition outcomes.
Epigenetics
The genetic makeup of a being
Genotype
a space where environment deflects or alters the course of the developing phenotype.
Epigenetic Space
Observable Characteristics
Phenotype
Psychological Context
The main idea here is that the way a person feels interacts with their socialization
Generally thought of as historical context that affects all members of a population.
Period Effects
The effect group membership has on an individual’s socialization
Group Effects
Where you are in the social structure conditions how you are socialized.
Social Status
Thoughts and emotions are ____ of socialization
Results
Shared symbols, language, and community precede us and give form to 1.____2.____3._____
The categories we think inThe topics we think aboutand the way we think
______ refers to a number of different processes related to conspecificsincluding1.____2.___3.___
Social cognition 1. how we pay attention 2. the meanings that things have for us3. Our ability to remember and process information
the ability to see the world from someone else’s perspective.
role-taking
the values and orientations of the overall community
Generalized Other
social groups that share cognitive patterns.
Thought communities
privileging personal explanations over situational explanations.
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to explain negative outcomes of out-group members as a result of their personality while positive outcomes are viewed as rare.
Ultimate attribution error
Sociology of emotion summed up
The way that we feel about feeling is tied to social context and shared social meanings.Interpretation of biological cues depends on social labelThe way we interpret our feelings depends in part on how we’ve been socialized.
Norms about the acceptable feelings to experience in a certain environment.
Feeling Rules
Jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients
Emotional Labor
The practice of voluntarily engaging in risky behavior that may result in severe injury or death.
Edgework
what levels does social structure occur in?
micro, mid range, and macro
T or FStereotypes are often based on status
True
Agreement to return criminals to the USA
Extradition Treaty
A special advantage not everyone can enjoy
Privilege
Intergeneration
Across generations
Fowler and Christakis argue that…
people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy
Fowler and Christakis demonstrate that…
happiness is a network phenomenon
Social Networks represent another way of thinking about….?Why?
Another way of thinking about social structureBecause they are often produced by recurrent behaviors i.e., social structure
What are social networks?
Sets of relations, links, or ties among social actors.
Social networks may be operationalized in many different ways1._____2.____3.____
Observation by researchers Nominations by ego Nominations by alters
Why are social networks important?
Because they have an impact on our everyday lives.
how do social networks affect our everyday lives?
They affect our behavior, how we feel, and more!
What was the major finding from FHS?
Happiness is greater for those surrounded by many happy people.
Having a happy spouse increases probability of happy ego by____
8%
Having a happy nearby mutual friend increases probability of happy ego by___
63%
Some ties are stronger than others, this means that …
Some ties represent relationships that are more likely to produce desired outcomes.
What could account for the differences in the strength in ties?
- Some ties represent more frequent interaction 2. Personal evaluations3. transfer of material resources 4. information 5. formal roles 6. kinship
Social Location
Meaning “where” a person is in the social network
If you have many contacts within a social network, then you are____
central
If you have few contacts within a social network than you are___
Peripheral
Based on Hollywood, centrality….
Does not come primarily from receiving awards, or doing a lot of work. Does come from working with diverse groups.
Engaging in behaviors and/or adopting beliefs that are socially acceptable
Conformity
The justifiable right to exercise power
Authority
When people perceive their circumstances to be real, these circumstances become real in their consequences.
Thomas Theorem
The focal individual, this is the person whose behavior is being analyzed.
Ego
A person connected to the ego ; this is the person who is potentially influencing the behavior of the ego
Alter
Node
a person
the tendency for people to choose relationships with people who have similar attributes.
homophily
relationship between two nodes
social tie
component
group of nodes that is a subset of a full network. Any subset.
Grouping of people that are the same or similiar
cluster
focusing on your own species
conspecifics
