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doko terms sunday Flashcards

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1
Q

agents of socialization

A

People and groups that teach us about our culture.

We learn different lessons from family, friends, and total institutions, media

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2
Q

generalized other

A

the values and orientations of the overall community

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3
Q

mead’s “I”

A

one’s sense of agency, action, power.

Infants only know the I.

Spontaneous, impulsive, tends not to consider others, focuses more on satisfying immediate desires.

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4
Q

Mead’s “me”

A

Socialized sense of self – the self as perceived as an object by the “I”.

Learned from interactions with others / social interaction.

Considers others.

Encourages conformity to norms.

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5
Q

Mead’s “Stages of Social Development”

A
  1. preplay, imitating
  2. playstage - one status
  3. playstage - two statuses
  4. generalized other –> understanding society
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6
Q

Other

A

someone / something outside oneself

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7
Q

Re-socialization

A

The process by which we replace old norms and behaviors with new ones as we move from one role or life-stage to another

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8
Q

Self

A

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

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9
Q

Socialization

A

the process by which

(1) people learn about their culture
(2) we learn to become a functioning member of society and
(3) individuals internalize values, beliefs, norms of society

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10
Q

Total Institution

A

confining social settings in which an authority regulates all aspects of a person’s life. E.g. prison, mental institution, nursing home, military

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11
Q

3 major aspects of socialization

A

1) content and processes people use to socialize others
2) context in which socialization occurs
3) results that arise from those contexts and processes

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12
Q

biological determinism

A

a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be the only factor in the socialization of a person.

Human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes.

Lead to eugenics then disbanded in favor of social determinism which was popular and now shares space with epigenetics

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13
Q

contexts of socialization

A

1) biological (biological determinism, social determinism, epigenetics)
2) psychological
3) social (period effects, group effects, social status)

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14
Q

content and processes of socialization

A

content of socialization is culture.

Processes – agents of socializations, re-socialization, total institutions, media as a agent.

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15
Q

results of socialization

A

(1) Sociology of thought – generalized other, role taking, thought communities, group differences in cognition.
(2) Sociology of emotion – how what we know affects the way we interpret our feelings, feeling rules, edgework

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16
Q

biological context

A

biological factors that influence socialization

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17
Q

psychological context

A

the way a person feels interacts with their socialization.

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18
Q

social context

A

Period effects, group effects, social status

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

both nature and nurture matter in the socialization of a person

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20
Q

gaze monitoring

A

When ego follows the gaze of alter and infers what alter must be thinking.

Key step in developing sense of other.

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21
Q

ego

A

focal individual, the person whose behavior is being analyzed

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22
Q

alter

A

a person connected to the ego, this person is potentially influencing the behavior of the ego

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23
Q

genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a being.

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24
Q

epigenetic

A

environment deflects or alters the course of the developing phenotype

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25
Q

looking glass self

A

Cooley.

1) we imagine our image in the eyes of other people.
2) we imagine others making some judgements about us.
3) We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgement.

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26
Q

peer group

A

A group of people, usually of similar age, who share similar interests and social status

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27
Q

phenotype

A

Observable Characteristics.

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28
Q

period effects

A

historical context that affects all members of a population.

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29
Q

group effects

A

The effect group membership has on an individual’s socialization

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30
Q

social cognition

A

refers to a number of different processes related to conspecifics including

  1. How we pay attention
  2. The meanings that things have for us
  3. Our ability to remember and process information
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31
Q

social determinism

A

a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be inconsequential in the socialization of a person. Instead, only social factors matter.

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32
Q

role taking

A

the ability to see the world from someone else’s perspective.

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33
Q

thought communities

A

social groups that share cognitive patterns.

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34
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

privileging personal explanations over situational explanations.

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35
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

the tendency to explain negative outcomes of out-group members as a result of their personality while positive outcomes are viewed as rare.

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36
Q

feeling rules

A

Norms about the acceptable feelings to experience in a certain environment.

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37
Q

emotional labor

A

Jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients

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38
Q

edgework

A

The practice of voluntarily engaging in risky behavior that may result in severe injury or death.

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39
Q

mead

A

4-stages of socialization

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40
Q

Eugenics

A

Well-born

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41
Q

achieved status

A

a position in a social system that a person attains voluntarily, to a considerable degree, as the result of their own actions.

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42
Q

ascribed status

A

a position in a social system, assigned to a person at birth, regardless of their wishes.

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43
Q

dramaturgical theory

A

we are all actors on metaphorical stage with roles, scripts, costumes, sets

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44
Q

ethnomethodology

A

harold garfinkel, the methods of the people, famous for breaching experiments, approach to studying human interaction that focuses on how we make sense of the world, convey this understanding to others and produce social order.

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45
Q

face

A

the esteem in which an individual is held by others

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46
Q

gender roles

A

sets of norms accompanying one’s status as a male or female

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47
Q

master status

A

A status that is so important that it overrides other statuses that a person may hold.

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48
Q

roles

A

Sets of expected behaviors associated with a given status.

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49
Q

role strain

A

incompatibility among roleds corresponding to a single status [publish or parish and roles of professor]

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50
Q

role conflict

A

When two or more statuses held by an individual produce contradictory role expectations.

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51
Q

status

A

A position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual.

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52
Q

status set

A

all your statuses at a given time

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53
Q

social structure

A

Recurring patterns of behavior. Occurs at micro, meso and macro levels.

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54
Q

in-groups

A

a group you belong to

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55
Q

out-groups

A

a group to which you do not belong

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56
Q

privilege

A

a special advantage or benefit that is not enjoyed by everyone

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57
Q

personal hypothesis

A

explanation of behavior that privileges the individual

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58
Q

situational hypothesis

A

explanation of behavior that privileges the situation

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59
Q

thomas theorem

A

when people perceive their circumstances to be real they become real in their consequences

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60
Q

social tie

A

relationship

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61
Q

centrality

A

Location within a social network – many contacts

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62
Q

node

A

person

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63
Q

strong ties

A

more likely to produce desired outcomes

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64
Q

weak ties

A

less likely to produce desired outcomes

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65
Q

meso

A

middle level – groups of people within a society

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66
Q

micro

A

individual interactions

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67
Q

macro

A

societies interactions

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68
Q

Little Maddy plays duck, duck, goose at school. This requires that she understand both her role and the role of the other kids. Which of Mead’s four steps is Maddie likely to be enjoying?

A

game

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69
Q

Scholars note that secondary desertification is a key change in places Israel. The resulting changes in food availability affect many aspects of social life. This is an example of a(n)

A

Period effect

70
Q

Pat goes to NSC. During Pat’s Sociology course, Pat learns that Seattle Central Sam wrote one of the most important explanations of social inequality to date. Pat explains this by saying, “well, usually Central grads are not that smart. Sam is a rare exception.” This type of thinking represents which of the following?

A

ultimate attribution error

71
Q

Pat is an accountant who works from home caring for an infant daughter. Pat’s employer expects a call from Pat to the office every morning for the department briefing and then Pat spends the rest of the day doing accounting, contacting clients via email, and filing paperwork electronically. Which of the following is a role for Pat?

A

calling in for the morning briefing

72
Q

According to YMAY, what is the esteem in which others hold us?

A

Face

73
Q

Which of the following illustrates how gender is structured in our society?

A

Men and women are encouraged to assume different statuses and roles within the family.

74
Q

Which of the following is consistent with an application of Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory to our social world?

A

.We are all like actors2.We all have roles to play

75
Q

Which of the following best characterizes the work of Fowler and Christakis?Qualitative, .Quantitative, Experiment, Ethnography

A

quantitative

76
Q

Fowler and Christakis argue that…1.people who are happier are more likely to make friends. 2.people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy 3.people sort themselves into groups based on their happiness

A

2.people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy

77
Q

Fowler and Christakis demonstrate that…Happiness is a network phenomenon 2.A happy person only affects their proximate ties 3.Happiness only spreads across friends and family 4.All of the Above 5.(1) and (2) only

A

Happiness is a network phenomenon

78
Q

sappir whorf hypothesis

A

language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience.

79
Q

homophily

A

tendency for people to choose relationships with people who have similar attributions

80
Q

component (christakis / fowler)

A

a group of nodes that is a subset of a full network and in which each node is connected by at least one path to every other node in the same component

81
Q

Cluster

A

a group of nodes of a CERTAIN TYPE

82
Q

“degree of separation”

A

social distance of two individuals as measured by the smallest number of intermediary ties.

83
Q

christakis / fowler findings

A

happiness greater for those surrounded by many people that are happy

people surrounded by happy people and those central in network are more likely to become happy in future.

nearby mutual friends = greatest factor in happiness
also:
happy friend within a mile, nextdoor neighbors, siblings, spouses (sibs and spouses less so)

happiness extends up to three degrees of separation

84
Q

The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.

A

Socialization

85
Q

The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

A

Self

86
Q

One’s sense of agency, action, or power.

A

“I”

87
Q

Socialized sense of self

A

“Me”

88
Q

Someone or something outside of oneself

A

Other

89
Q

An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before

A

Generalized Other

90
Q

The process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution

A

Re socialization

91
Q

An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. Eg, military, jail, nursing home

A

Total Institution

92
Q

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies

A

Status

93
Q

The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

A

Role

94
Q

All the statuses one holds simultaneously

A

Status set

95
Q

A status into which one is born; involuntary status

A

Ascribed Status

96
Q

One status into which one enters; voluntary status

A

Achieved Status

97
Q

One status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

A

Master Status

98
Q

Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

A

Gender Role

99
Q

A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions

A

Symbolic Interactionism

100
Q

The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.

A

Dramaturgical Theory

101
Q

The esteem in which an individual is held by others.

A

Face

102
Q

The start of an encounter

A

Opening

103
Q

Refraining from directly interacting with someone, even someone you know, until an opening bracket has been issued.

A

Civil Inattention

104
Q

Literally “the methods of the people”; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.

A

Ethnomethodology

105
Q

Three major aspects to socialization

A

The content and process of socialization The context ““The results “”

106
Q

The content of socialization is____

A

Culture

107
Q

Process’ have been outlined by 3 different scholars whom are…?

A

MeadCooley Cohen

108
Q

What do these process’ help us do?

A

They help us understand ourselves in relation to others.

109
Q

The collection of thoughts and feelings when considering yourself as an object

A

Sense of self

110
Q

What does “I” mean?

A

“I” is unsocialized , spontaneous, impulsive, and creativeTends not to consider others Focuses more on satisfying immediate desires

111
Q

What does “me” mean?

A

“me” is the socialized sense of selfthat has been learned from interactions with othersTends to consider othersEncourages conformity to norms

112
Q

Gaze monitoring was originated by who?

A

Cohen

113
Q

when one follows the gaze of another and infers what they must be thinking/feeling

A

Gaze Monitoring

114
Q

What is the “looking glass self” and who created it?

A

1.We imagine our image in the eyes of others.2.We imagine others making some judgment about us.3.We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgmentCOOLEY

115
Q

Mead created what four steps to socialization?

A
  1. Pre play - imitating others2. Play - understanding 1 status3. Game stage - understanding two statuses4 Generalized Other - understanding society as a whole
116
Q

A group of people, usually of similar age, who share similar interests and social status

A

Peer groups

117
Q

What are the 3 contexts of socialization?

A

1.Biological2.Psychological3.Social

118
Q

a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be the only factor in the socialization of a person.

A

Biological Determinism

119
Q

Means “well-born

A

Eugenics

120
Q

a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be inconsequential in the socialization of a person. Instead, only social factors matter.

A

Sociological Determinism

121
Q

the idea that genes interact with environment to condition outcomes.

A

Epigenetics

122
Q

The genetic makeup of a being

A

Genotype

123
Q

a space where environment deflects or alters the course of the developing phenotype.

A

Epigenetic Space

124
Q

Observable Characteristics

A

Phenotype

125
Q

Psychological Context

A

The main idea here is that the way a person feels interacts with their socialization

126
Q

Generally thought of as historical context that affects all members of a population.

A

Period Effects

127
Q

The effect group membership has on an individual’s socialization

A

Group Effects

128
Q

Where you are in the social structure conditions how you are socialized.

A

Social Status

129
Q

Thoughts and emotions are ____ of socialization

A

Results

130
Q

Shared symbols, language, and community precede us and give form to 1.____2.____3._____

A

The categories we think inThe topics we think aboutand the way we think

131
Q

______ refers to a number of different processes related to conspecificsincluding1.____2.___3.___

A

Social cognition 1. how we pay attention 2. the meanings that things have for us3. Our ability to remember and process information

132
Q

the ability to see the world from someone else’s perspective.

A

role-taking

133
Q

the values and orientations of the overall community

A

Generalized Other

134
Q

social groups that share cognitive patterns.

A

Thought communities

135
Q

privileging personal explanations over situational explanations.

A

Fundamental attribution error

136
Q

the tendency to explain negative outcomes of out-group members as a result of their personality while positive outcomes are viewed as rare.

A

Ultimate attribution error

137
Q

Sociology of emotion summed up

A

The way that we feel about feeling is tied to social context and shared social meanings.Interpretation of biological cues depends on social labelThe way we interpret our feelings depends in part on how we’ve been socialized.

138
Q

Norms about the acceptable feelings to experience in a certain environment.

A

Feeling Rules

139
Q

Jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients

A

Emotional Labor

140
Q

The practice of voluntarily engaging in risky behavior that may result in severe injury or death.

A

Edgework

141
Q

what levels does social structure occur in?

A

micro, mid range, and macro

142
Q

T or FStereotypes are often based on status

A

True

143
Q

Agreement to return criminals to the USA

A

Extradition Treaty

144
Q

A special advantage not everyone can enjoy

A

Privilege

145
Q

Intergeneration

A

Across generations

146
Q

Fowler and Christakis argue that…

A

people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy

147
Q

Fowler and Christakis demonstrate that…

A

happiness is a network phenomenon

148
Q

Social Networks represent another way of thinking about….?Why?

A

Another way of thinking about social structureBecause they are often produced by recurrent behaviors i.e., social structure

149
Q

What are social networks?

A

Sets of relations, links, or ties among social actors.

150
Q

Social networks may be operationalized in many different ways1._____2.____3.____

A

Observation by researchers Nominations by ego Nominations by alters

151
Q

Why are social networks important?

A

Because they have an impact on our everyday lives.

152
Q

how do social networks affect our everyday lives?

A

They affect our behavior, how we feel, and more!

153
Q

What was the major finding from FHS?

A

Happiness is greater for those surrounded by many happy people.

154
Q

Having a happy spouse increases probability of happy ego by____

A

8%

155
Q

Having a happy nearby mutual friend increases probability of happy ego by___

A

63%

156
Q

Some ties are stronger than others, this means that …

A

Some ties represent relationships that are more likely to produce desired outcomes.

157
Q

What could account for the differences in the strength in ties?

A
  1. Some ties represent more frequent interaction 2. Personal evaluations3. transfer of material resources 4. information 5. formal roles 6. kinship
158
Q

Social Location

A

Meaning “where” a person is in the social network

159
Q

If you have many contacts within a social network, then you are____

A

central

160
Q

If you have few contacts within a social network than you are___

A

Peripheral

161
Q

Based on Hollywood, centrality….

A

Does not come primarily from receiving awards, or doing a lot of work. Does come from working with diverse groups.

162
Q

Engaging in behaviors and/or adopting beliefs that are socially acceptable

A

Conformity

163
Q

The justifiable right to exercise power

A

Authority

164
Q

When people perceive their circumstances to be real, these circumstances become real in their consequences.

A

Thomas Theorem

165
Q

The focal individual, this is the person whose behavior is being analyzed.

A

Ego

166
Q

A person connected to the ego ; this is the person who is potentially influencing the behavior of the ego

A

Alter

167
Q

Node

A

a person

168
Q

the tendency for people to choose relationships with people who have similar attributes.

A

homophily

169
Q

relationship between two nodes

A

social tie

170
Q

component

A

group of nodes that is a subset of a full network. Any subset.

171
Q

Grouping of people that are the same or similiar

A

cluster

172
Q

focusing on your own species

A

conspecifics

Sociology 101 (8 decks)

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