Chapter 1 - terms

Question 1

manifest

Answer 1

> > clear or obvious to the eye or mind.

Question 2

latent

Answer 2

> > (of a quality or state) existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden; concealed.

Question 3

Autotomy

Answer 3

> > independent, free, self-governed

Question 4

Anomie

Answer 4

> > Aimlessness / despair that arises when people can no longer expect life to be predictable
Too little social regulation
Normlessness
Condition by which society provides little moral guidance
Emile Durkheim

Question 5

Conflict Theory

Answer 5

> > Conflicts / competing interests animating force(s) of any society
Conflict drives social change and is necessary for social growth
Who benefits?

Question 6

Double Consciousness

Answer 6

> > Mechanism by which African American’s constantly maintain two scripts

> > Minority group experiencing prejudice from majority requires them to have a double-consciousness
WEB Du Bois, speaking specifically about African Americans in US

Question 7

Emile Durkheim

Answer 7

> > wrote “division of labor in society”
how capitalism and industrialization have transformed society and ways people relate to another
degree by which jobs are specialized
A “founding father” of sociology

Question 8

Feminist Theory

Answer 8

> > emphasis on women’s experience

Question 9

Functionalism

Answer 9

> > Various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some purpose / important function to keep society running
What purpose is served?

Question 10

Harriet Martineau

Answer 10

> > Early feminist
Translated comte’s work on positivism
Addressed
Education (the way we educate children)
State of government
Marriage – assumption of inferiority of women

Question 11

Jane Addams

Answer 11

> > Methodology of community put into practice many of the Chicago School theories at Hull House

Question 12

Karl Marx

Answer 12

> > “founding father” of sociology
provided theoretical basis for communism (abolish private property)
what drives history
conflicts between social classes is what drove change throughout history
saw history as man’s struggle to gain control and dominate social environment
IR – people became slaves to industry

Question 13

Macrosociology

Answer 13

> > Branch of sociology concerted with social dynamics across the breadth of society

Question 14

Manifest Function

Answer 14

> > Intended consequences

|&raquo_space; Example: no child left behind (manifest function is increase ed. Outcome for all children)

Question 15

Latent function

Answer 15

> > hidden consequence

|&raquo_space; example no child left behind’s actual effect.

Question 16

Max Weber

Answer 16

> > Argued that Marx was too simple.
understanding social life required understanding culture and politics too.
Verhesten
A founding father of sociology

Question 17

Microsociology

Answer 17

> > Branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interaction contests. It’s methods of choice are ethnographic, participant observation and in-depth interviews

Question 18

Midrange Theory

Answer 18

> > Attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function

Question 19

Positivist Sociology

Answer 19

> > Social world is governed by laws in a way that is similar to the way the natural world is governed by laws (eg. gravity)
Compte

Question 20

Postmodernism

Answer 20

> > Shared meanings have eroded

Question 21

Social institution

Answer 21

> > Complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social ruole and reproduce themselves over time
Works to shape behavior of groups / people within it
Example: college, legal system, labor market, language

Question 22

Sociological Imagination / Perspective

Answer 22

> > Connection between individuals and social context
Connects individuals to society. Useful to understand other perspectives and greater issues in society
Individuals are important but social forces are too
Enlightened understanding of (1) how the world works (2) how we fit into it (3) how we can fix it
Enables the possessor (of SP) to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and eternal career of individuals. (mills)
To understand a person, we have to understand their social context.
Individuals do not have sole control over their own future. Society does not have sole control over you either.
Entails thinking about individuals as socially embedded within a social context that is inseparable from our identities.

Question 23

Sociology

Answer 23

> > Science that studies human behavior. Science is a systematic approach.

Question 24

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 24

> > What meaning do people give to social phenomena
Shared meanings orientations and assumptions form basic motivations behind people’s actions
Microsociology
Meaning is in people’s interactions

Question 25

Verstehen

Answer 25

>> Approach social behavior from perspective of those engaging in it >> Understand the meaning people attach to their actions >> Emphasis on subjectivity >> Foundation of interpretive sociology

Question 26

WEB DuBois

Answer 26

>> Double consciousness >> Chicago school >> First African American to get a PHD from Harvard

Question 27

Capitalism 3 defining characteristics:

Answer 27

``` (1) Private property >>Consumables, products >>Means of production = >>POWER (2)Labor market (3)Profit motive ```

Question 28

Private Property

Answer 28

>> Important to capitalism >> Consumables / products >> Means of production (affords power)

Question 29

Private Orbits

Answer 29

>> Limited perspective >> Personal bubble >> Predictable patterns of behavior >> Daily routines >> One’s experiences that shape them. Tells us about social forces >> People feel trapped in their private orbits b/c they do not see their troubles as being part of social issues

Question 30

Means of production

Answer 30

>> physical, non-human inputs used for the production of economic value, such as facilities, machinery, tools, infrastructural capital and natural capital. >> Affords power in capitalist society

Question 31

Labor market

Answer 31

>> Important to capitalism

Question 32

Profit motive

Answer 32

>> Capitalist motive is profit, not people | >> Important to capitalism

Question 33

Ted Kaczynski a radical individualist [5 reasons why]

Answer 33

(1) Intentionally avoided personal relationships (2) Physically separated himself from others (3) Believed he could live entirely separate from any community (4) Developed a program for social reform while in isolation (5) Developed private strategy to impose reform through violence that destroyed lives of others

Question 34

The Athenian “idiot”

Answer 34

>> Able to participate in civic life but chose not to. Have a huge privilege but choose not to use it >> Pointing the finger at individualist.

Question 35

False dichotomy

Answer 35

>> Radical individualists subscribe to the false dichotomy of individuals vs. society >> Two category scheme (good and evil or fauna and flora) >> False if it doesn’t accurately describe >> Individualistic thinkers, he thought individual was separate from society

Question 36

Negative freedom

Answer 36

>> Freedom from constraint >> I’m not free unless I can do what I want >> Can hurt other people >> Freedom of speech?

Question 37

Positive freedom

Answer 37

>> Empower yourself but do not damage other’s

Question 38

Individualism (3-part definition)

Answer 38

1) privileges the individual over the group, private life over public life and personal expression over social experience. 2) Autonomy, independence and self-reliance are highly valued and thought to be natural 3) Ones choices are the (main) cause of one’s destiny. Choices responsible for your experience.

Question 39

3 analytical problems of individualism

Answer 39

>> Narrows definition of freedom >> Blinds us to see structural causes >> Legitimate social isolation

Question 40

Individualism in Economic theory:

Answer 40

>> greed is good | >> laissez faire

Question 41

Aphorisms of individualism

Answer 41

>> You have no one to blame but yourself | >> Think for yourself

Question 42

Troubles

Answer 42

>> Cause is social force / structure / greater than individual, whole groups affected

Question 43

Issues

Answer 43

>> Cause is individual, affects a few people

Question 44

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 44

language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience.