DOKO 3 - terms Flashcards
Social Deviance
behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms, any transgression of socially established norms
Labeling Theory
Implication of the labeling definition:
- deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully
- society creates deviance
- deviance is behavior that has real consequences
“deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sactions to an “offender”. the deviant is one whom that label has successfully been applied. deviant behavior is behavior that ppl so label” - Becker
Primary Deviance
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how ppl think about and act toward you
Secondary Deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you
Stigma
a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity
Labeling Theory
Conley: the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity
social control
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
Formal Social Sanctions
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
Informal Social Sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life
social integration
how well one is integrated into social group or community
Social Regulation
number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
Egoistic Suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
altruistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
Anomie
sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; to little social regulation; normlessness
Anomic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
Fatalistic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
Strain Theory
robert merton’s theory that deviance occurs when society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Conformist
individual who accepts both the goals and strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals
Innovator
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
Retreatist
one who rejects both the socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from or not participating in society
Ritualist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
Rebel
rejects both traditional goals and means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated
Broken Windows Theory of Deviance
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts
Street Crime
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
White Collar Crime
offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution
Corporate Crime
a particular type of white collar crime committed by the officers (CEOS etc) of a corporation
Labeling theory (lecture)
Implication of the labeling definition:
- deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully
- society creates deviance
- deviance is behavior that has real consequences
Statistical deviance
Deviance defined by the position an object of analysis occupies in a distribution.
Internal social control
Social control exercised by the self.
Informal social control
When self-control fails and we commit a deviant act, people with informal statuses may exercise social control on us.
Formal social control
For certain deviant behaviors, formalized institutional responses provide the sanctions.
Blue laws
Outdated laws based on religion, no longer enforced
Anachronistic laws
Laws that no longer make sense with societal standards.
Decent folk
People who adhere to middle-class norms, but also practice the Code of the Street
Street folk
People who do not adhere to middle-class norms, but do adhere to the Code of the Street
Racial spatial divide
A social arrangement in which substantial ethno-racial inequality in social and economic circumstances and power in society is combined with segregated and unequal residential locations across major racial and ethnic groups
Equality of Opportunity
the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone.
Bourgeoisie Society
a society of commerce (modern capitalist society for ex) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
Equality of Condition
the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Equality of Outcomes
the idea that each player must end up with the same amt regardless of the fairness of the “game”
Free Rider Problem
the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope other will pull the extra weight
Estate System
Upper Class Middle Class Social Mobility Structural Mobility Exchange Mobility Status Attainment Model
a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
Caste System
a religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
Class system
an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
working class (proletartiat) and capitalist class (bourg)
Contradictory Class Locations
people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between two “pure” classes
Status Hierarchy System
a system of stratification based on social prestige
Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society
Meritocracy
society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability and acheivemen
Income
money recieved by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or gov assistance) or from returns on investments (cash flow)
Wealth
a family’s or individual’s net worth (total assets minus debts)
Socioeconomic Status
an individual’s position in a stratified social order
Social Stratification
& Three characteristics of stratification systems
The inequalities between groups in society
Social stratification systems share three characteristics
- Rankings apply to categories of people that share a characteristic
- Life chances are contingent on ranking
- Ranks of different social categories change slowly over time
Slavery
characterized by the framing of some humans as property
Race
a category of people widely perceived as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color.
Race is a social construct.
Racism
the belief that one racial group is superior to another.
Polygeny
the belief that each race has a distinct origin.
Pseudoscience
claims presented so that they appear scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility (Shermer 1997
Wilson Thesis
Modern racism is not the driving force behind racial inequality. Instead, the historical legacy of racism and resulting differences in Social Class is what really matters.
Hidden prejudice
Two-Faced Racism” focuses on disparities in front-stage and back-stage behavior.
Joe Faegan
Front-stage behavior
actions that are visible to the audience-at-large. The actor knows they are being watched and acts accordingly.
Back-stage behavior
performers are present, but the audience cannot see behind the curtain. Actors behave as if they were not being observed.
Color-blind racism
the promotion of race-neutrality when it actually helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality.
Implicit bias
Tests the automatic association between mental representations of concepts in memory
Ego does not always report the truth.
Ethnocentrism
belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own
Ontological Equality
philisophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
Social Darwinism
the application of Darwinian ideas to society – namely the evolutionary “survival of the fittest”
Eugenics
literally meaning “well born” a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from gen to gen
Nativism
the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants
One-Drop Rule
belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black, and concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation (interracial marriage)
Miscegenation
interracial marriage
Racialization
formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people
Ethnicity
one’s ethnic quality of affiliation. it is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.
Symbolic Ethnicity
a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. for later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.
