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Sociology 101 > DOKO 3 - terms > Flashcards

DOKO 3 - terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Deviance

A

behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms, any transgression of socially established norms

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2
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Implication of the labeling definition:

  1. deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully
  2. society creates deviance
  3. deviance is behavior that has real consequences

“deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sactions to an “offender”. the deviant is one whom that label has successfully been applied. deviant behavior is behavior that ppl so label” - Becker

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3
Q

Primary Deviance

A

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how ppl think about and act toward you

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4
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you

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5
Q

Stigma

A

a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity

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6
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Conley: the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

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7
Q

social control

A

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

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8
Q

Formal Social Sanctions

A

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

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9
Q

Informal Social Sanctions

A

the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

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10
Q

social integration

A

how well one is integrated into social group or community

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11
Q

Social Regulation

A

number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

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12
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

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13
Q

altruistic suicide

A

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

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14
Q

Anomie

A

sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; to little social regulation; normlessness

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15
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

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16
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

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17
Q

Strain Theory

A

robert merton’s theory that deviance occurs when society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

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18
Q

Conformist

A

individual who accepts both the goals and strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals

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19
Q

Innovator

A

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them

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20
Q

Retreatist

A

one who rejects both the socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from or not participating in society

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21
Q

Ritualist

A

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

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22
Q

Rebel

A

rejects both traditional goals and means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

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23
Q

Broken Windows Theory of Deviance

A

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

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24
Q

Street Crime

A

crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

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25
Q

White Collar Crime

A

offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution

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26
Q

Corporate Crime

A

a particular type of white collar crime committed by the officers (CEOS etc) of a corporation

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27
Q

Labeling theory (lecture)

A

Implication of the labeling definition:

  1. deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully
  2. society creates deviance
  3. deviance is behavior that has real consequences
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28
Q

Statistical deviance

A

Deviance defined by the position an object of analysis occupies in a distribution.

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29
Q

Internal social control

A

Social control exercised by the self.

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30
Q

Informal social control

A

When self-control fails and we commit a deviant act, people with informal statuses may exercise social control on us.

31
Q

Formal social control

A

For certain deviant behaviors, formalized institutional responses provide the sanctions.

32
Q

Blue laws

A

Outdated laws based on religion, no longer enforced

33
Q

Anachronistic laws

A

Laws that no longer make sense with societal standards.

34
Q

Decent folk

A

People who adhere to middle-class norms, but also practice the Code of the Street

35
Q

Street folk

A

People who do not adhere to middle-class norms, but do adhere to the Code of the Street

36
Q

Racial spatial divide

A

A social arrangement in which substantial ethno-racial inequality in social and economic circumstances and power in society is combined with segregated and unequal residential locations across major racial and ethnic groups

37
Q

Equality of Opportunity

A

the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone.

38
Q

Bourgeoisie Society

A

a society of commerce (modern capitalist society for ex) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive

39
Q

Equality of Condition

A

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

40
Q

Equality of Outcomes

A

the idea that each player must end up with the same amt regardless of the fairness of the “game”

41
Q

Free Rider Problem

A

the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope other will pull the extra weight

42
Q

Estate System

Upper Class
Middle Class
Social Mobility
Structural Mobility
Exchange Mobility
Status Attainment Model
A

a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

43
Q

Caste System

A

a religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility

44
Q

Class system

A

an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility

45
Q

Proletariat

Bourgeoisie

A

working class (proletartiat) and capitalist class (bourg)

46
Q

Contradictory Class Locations

A

people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between two “pure” classes

47
Q

Status Hierarchy System

A

a system of stratification based on social prestige

48
Q

Elite-Mass Dichotomy System

A

system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society

49
Q

Meritocracy

A

society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability and acheivemen

50
Q

Income

A

money recieved by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or gov assistance) or from returns on investments (cash flow)

51
Q

Wealth

A

a family’s or individual’s net worth (total assets minus debts)

52
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

an individual’s position in a stratified social order

53
Q

Social Stratification

& Three characteristics of stratification systems

A

The inequalities between groups in society

Social stratification systems share three characteristics

  1. Rankings apply to categories of people that share a characteristic
  2. Life chances are contingent on ranking
  3. Ranks of different social categories change slowly over time
54
Q

Slavery

A

characterized by the framing of some humans as property

55
Q

Race

A

a category of people widely perceived as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color.
Race is a social construct.

56
Q

Racism

A

the belief that one racial group is superior to another.

57
Q

Polygeny

A

the belief that each race has a distinct origin.

58
Q

Pseudoscience

A

claims presented so that they appear scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility (Shermer 1997

59
Q

Wilson Thesis

A

Modern racism is not the driving force behind racial inequality. Instead, the historical legacy of racism and resulting differences in Social Class is what really matters.

60
Q

Hidden prejudice

A

Two-Faced Racism” focuses on disparities in front-stage and back-stage behavior.
Joe Faegan

61
Q

Front-stage behavior

A

actions that are visible to the audience-at-large. The actor knows they are being watched and acts accordingly.

62
Q

Back-stage behavior

A

performers are present, but the audience cannot see behind the curtain. Actors behave as if they were not being observed.

63
Q

Color-blind racism

A

the promotion of race-neutrality when it actually helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality.

64
Q

Implicit bias

A

Tests the automatic association between mental representations of concepts in memory
Ego does not always report the truth.

65
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own

66
Q

Ontological Equality

A

philisophical and religious notion that all people are created equal

67
Q

Social Darwinism

A

the application of Darwinian ideas to society – namely the evolutionary “survival of the fittest”

68
Q

Eugenics

A

literally meaning “well born” a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from gen to gen

69
Q

Nativism

A

the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

70
Q

One-Drop Rule

A

belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black, and concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation (interracial marriage)

71
Q

Miscegenation

A

interracial marriage

72
Q

Racialization

A

formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people

73
Q

Ethnicity

A

one’s ethnic quality of affiliation. it is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.

74
Q

Symbolic Ethnicity

A

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. for later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.

Sociology 101 (8 decks)

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