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MICRO2209 > DNA viruses > Flashcards

DNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of shape are herpesviruses?

A

enveloped icosahedral viruses

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2
Q

What are the 9 different Herpesviruses?

A

alpha family: Herpes Simple virus type 1/2, varicella zoster (VZV)

beta and gamma: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Human herpes virus 6/7/8 (HHV-6/7/8) and B virus

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3
Q

What are herpes simplex virus?

A

first infection can cause herpes gingivostomatitis
following primary infection a latent state persist in trigeminal ganglia (reactivated by trauma, fatigue, sunlight, emotional stress)
HSV can also cause encephalitis

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4
Q

What is Herpes simplex virus type 1?

A

“Herpes labialis” = cold sore
Herpetic whitlow is HSV infection of fingers and thumbs
Is caused by autoinoculation secondary to genital herpes and health care workers exposed to HSV lesions

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5
Q

What is Herpes simplex virus type 2?

A

associated with genital herpes
infects epithelial cells of external genitalia, urethra, cervix, rectum and adjacent skin
neonatal herpes can occur
can result in blindness and neurological diseases in babies

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6
Q

What are the phases of HSV transmission, infection, latency and reactivation?

A

transmission = enters skin or mucous during sexual contact
latency = after primary, virus remains in sacral plexus of spinal cord
virus do not replicate and genes are not expressed
reactivation = can occur without symptoms and host is infectious

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7
Q

What is the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)?

A

2 main syndromes = varicella and zoster
targets receptor = mannose-6-phosphate
VZV is acquired by the respiratory route
dissemination of virus = rash

viruses can remain dormant in dorsal root ganglion (can affect sensory nerve)
reactivation = shingles (usually once only)

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8
Q

What are some anti-herpesvirus agents for HSV and VZV?

A

oral agents = acyclovir
ophthalmic = trifluridine
topical agents = acyclovir

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9
Q

How does the Human cytomegalovirus infect human cells?

A

initiated through a non-specific interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans

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10
Q

Where does the HCMV persist after infection?

A

in host and is shed for years in saliva, urine, semen, breastmilk and cervical secretions

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11
Q

What does the HMCV interfere with in the host?

A

immune functions including antigen presentation, cytokine production and NK cell activity

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12
Q

What groups are the most at risk of HMCV?

A

organ transplant recipients, immunocompromised individuals and newborn

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13
Q

What does Epstein Barr virus (EBV) cause?

A

infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever or kissing disease)

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14
Q

How is EBV spread?

A

oropharyngeal secretions - mouth-to-mouth contact or shared drinking glasses

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15
Q

What does the EBV infect specifically in hosts?

A

epithelial cells in throat and memory B cells after replication

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16
Q

In Southeast Asia, East and North Africa and Inuit populations what can EBV cause?

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

17
Q

In tropical Africa what does EBV cause?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

18
Q

What do the Human papilloma virus (HPV) infect?

A

epithelial cells through micro-abrasions

19
Q

What does HPV cause?

A

genital warts and cancerous lesions

20
Q

How is HPV spread?

A

direct contact and autoinoculation via scratching

21
Q

What does HPV consist of?

A

> 170 different strains, >40 transmitted sexually

22
Q

Which HPV is responsible for cervical cancers in women?

A

HPV16 and 18

23
Q

What HPV is responsible for genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis?

A

HPV 6 and 11

24
Q

What vaccine targets 9 HPV strains and young adolescents?

A

Nona-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine

25
Q

How is HPV vaccine produced?

A

L1 coding region of the HPV virus taken
Implanted into a plasmid DNA in yeast
Multiple L1 molecule becomes L1 penton
Multiple L1 penton forms Viral-Like Particle (VLP)

26
Q

What does the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infect?

A

liver cells and causes hepatitis

27
Q

What is the transmission of HBV?

A

parenteral transmission
mostly in blood

28
Q

How is Hepatitis B replicated?

A
  1. virus enter cells
  2. capsid disassembly
  3. viral relaxed circular DNA enters nucleus of cell
  4. CCC-DNA created
  5. transcription to RNA occurs
  6. RNA packaged in a new capsid
29
Q

Is HBV infections acute?

A

yes

30
Q

What is the term given to HBV individuals who do not have the virus cleared?

A

chronic carriers

31
Q

How can HBV be detected?

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is detectable

32
Q

How do you know if HBV is cleared?

A

clearance of HBsAg and appearance of anti-HBs

33
Q

How are vaccines of HBV made?

A
  1. virus surface antigen gene isolated
  2. inserted into yeast
  3. yeast cells produce HBsAg
  4. vaccine produced
34
Q

What does the Polyoma virus JC cause?

A

fatal demyelinating disease of the CNS –> progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) = oligodendrocytes destroyed

MICRO2209 (16 decks)

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