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Biology > DNA STRUCTURE QUIZ > Flashcards

DNA STRUCTURE QUIZ Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the full name of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Nucleotide components

A
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous base
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3
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

adenine (A),
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

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4
Q

Purines

A

Adenine & Guanine

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5
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine & Thymine

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6
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

A - T
C - G
Helps to hold the two antiparallel strands of the DNA molecule together to form the helix.

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6
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

A - T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G - C = 3 hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’

A

Leading 5’ to 3’
Lagging 3’ to 5’

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8
Q

What is meant by the term antiparallel?

A

the strands run in OPPOSITE directions, parallel to one another.

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What makes DNA twist?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone is hydrophilic
Nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic
The backbone protects the inside portion of the molecule from the aqueous environment of the cell.

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11
Q

DNA & RNA
Single strand vs. double strand?

A

DNA is a double-stranded molecule that has a long chain of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded molecule which has a shorter chain of nucleotides. DNA replicates on its own, it is self-replicating. RNA does not replicate on its own.

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12
Q

What sugar is in RNA? How is this sugar different from DNA?

A

RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom)

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13
Q

What nitrogenous base does RNA have instead of thymine?

A

Uracil

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14
Q

Which stays in the nucleus vs. leaves the nucleus? DNA or RNA

A

DNA never leaves the nucleus
RNA may leave the nucleus

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15
Q

Replication bubble

A

Two replication forks are formed at the replication bubble
DNA replication occurs in both directions.

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16
Q

Replication Fork

FORKS LOOK LIKE Y

A

A Y-shaped region where the parent DNA splits into two strands

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17
Q

Lagging Strand

THINK ABOUT WHEN LAGGING IN A GAME YOUR FRAMS ARE ___

A

The strand that opens in the 3’ to 5’ direction towards the replication fork
Replication is fragmented

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18
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand that runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction in the replication fork
Can be replicated continuously

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19
Q

Topoisomerase

TOP - SPINNING TOP - TWIST

A

Untwists the DNA and holds it steady so that helicase can move down the replication bubble

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20
Q

Helicase

CASE = THINK STAIRCASE YOU GO BOTH DIRECTIONS

A

Separates the template strands
ACTS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

21
Q

Single Stranded Binding Proteins
(SSBP)

SSBP (SEPERATE STRANDS BINDING PREVENT?)

A

Prevents the two strands from rejoining so that additional proteins may do their jobs of adding new nitrogenous bases

22
Q

Primase

Pri - primitibe = 1st = 1

A

Attaches a short complementary RNA strand to the DNA template - a primer that allows the next protein to begin working
Works ONLY in the 5’ to 3’ direction
1 primase is needed for the leading strand (continuous replication)
Multiple primase is needed for the lagging strand (fragmented synthesis)

23
Q

DNA Polymerase III

III= N E W, A D D

A

Add new nucleotide in the 5’ to 3’ direction

24
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

Replaces primer with DNA nucleotides

25
Q

Ligase

Li = Asian name = ____

A

Joins OKASAKI fragments
Repairs damage to the backbone of the new strand

26
Q

Nuclease

A

Cleaves phosphodiester bonds
Cuts out mistakes in the nucleotide sequence

27
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

On Lagging strand during DNA replication

28
Q

mRNA
(Messenger)

A

Carries genetics information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to make proteins

29
Q

rRNA
(Ribosomal)

A

Helps form large and small subunits of ribosomes

30
Q

tRNA
(Transfer)

A

Transfers a different amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis

31
Q

Codons and anticodons, how do they correlate to tRNA and amino acids.

A

Codons = found in mRNA molecule
Anticodon = located in the tRNA arm.
Codon and anticodon work together to bring desired amino acids.

32
Q

RNA Polymerase III

A

Transcription of different noncoding genes in eukaryotic cells

33
Q

Anatomy of a nucleotide

A
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base:
    Adenine, A
    Thymine, T
    Guanine, G
    Cytosine, C
34
Q

Transcription

A

Building a complementary RNA copy of a DNA strand

35
Q

Translation

A

Process of building a protein based on the sequence of the RNA copy

36
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid
Single stranded helix
Can leave the nucleus
The “copy”
A, C, G, U

37
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
1 less oxygen
Double stranded helix
Stays in the nucleus
The “original”
A, C, G, T

38
Q

Initiation
(TRANSCRIPTION)

A

Transcription factors (helper proteins) bind to a promoter region somewhere on the DNA double helix
In humans, our promoter region (sequence of DNA that acts as a start code) is 5’-TATAAA-3’

39
Q

Elongation
(TRANSCRIPTION)

A

The mRNA strand is synthesized
RNA Polymerase III attaches to the double helix
It untwists the double helix to create a transcription bubble
It moves down the template strand in the 3’–>5’ direction , adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA in the 5’–>3’ direction and securing the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone

40
Q

Termination
(TRANSCRIPTION)

A

RNA Polymerase III adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template until a stop code is reached
This termination code is called polyadenylation (a string of A’s) - it tells the polymerase to stop transcribing and the enzyme releases the DNA double helix and the new mRNA strand
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

41
Q

Initiation
(TRANSLATION)

A

An initiator tRNA binds to an AUG start codon on the mRNA strand
This binding signals the ribosomal subunits (rRNA) to join the strand to create the initiation complex

42
Q

Elongation
(TRANSLATION)

A

Codons move through three positions within ribosome:
A - arrive
P - propagation
E - exit
As mRNA moves through the ribosome, tRNA with complementary bases enters the complex and contributes its amino acid to the growing chain of proteins

43
Q

Termination
(TRANSLATION)

A

When one of the three stop codons reaches the A site, no more tRNA may enter the ribosome, no more amino acids are added to the chain. Translation is done

44
Q

TransCRIPTION Location?

A

NUCLEUS

45
Q

TransLATION Location?

A

Cell CYTOPLASM

46
Q

TATA box?

A

Promoter region????
(There is no notes I have no clue..)

47
Q

Be able to translate and transcribe a gene sequence!

A

You got this cutie <3

48
Q

What is the complementary mRNA sequence?

A

A, U, G, C

49
Q

What amino acids do the mRNA codons code for?

A

Be able to use the chart or wheel!

Biology (7 decks)

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