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B = Biological Molecules & Cells = > DNA & RNA > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of…

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What bond is formed by a condensation reaction between two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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4
Q

Draw and label a single DNA nucleotide.

A

Circle at the top (phosphate)

connected with a line to…

Pentagon (pentose sugar)

connected with a line to…

Rectangle (base)

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5
Q

What sugar is present in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

It’s a pentose sugar.

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6
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms.

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7
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A

T - Thymine
A - Adenine
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

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8
Q

What is the iconic abbreviation to remember the complementary base pairings?

A

Tigers
Are
Great
Cats

T and A
G and C

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9
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double helix made from 2 polynucleotide chains held together by HYDROGEN bonds between specific complementary base pairings.

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10
Q

What base pairs with adenine?

A

Thymine

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11
Q

What base pairs with guanine?

A

Cytosine

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12
Q

How are the complementary bases held together?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds hold them together.

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13
Q

How are the nucleotides held together?

A

Strong phosphodiester bonds hold them together.

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14
Q

Which bond holds bases together and which bond holds nucleotides together?

A

Hydrogen bonds hold bases.

Phosphodiester bonds hold nucleotides.

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are produced between guanine and cytosine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are produced between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

17
Q

What is unique about the DNA strands?

A

The DNA strands are ANTIPARALLEL to each other.

18
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

The DNA strands face opposite directions to each other.

This means they bond to the same carbon.

19
Q

What is a purine base?

A

A base with 2 rings.

20
Q

What is a pyrimidine base?

A

A base with 1 ring.

21
Q

What bases are examples of purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

The one’s that end with “nine”

22
Q

What bases are examples of pyrimidines?

A

Thymine

Cytosine

T - Top of pyramid
A
G
C - Bottom of pyramid

23
Q

Relate the structure of a DNA molecule to its function. [6 marks]

A

Double helix structure w/ many H bonds =
Provides stability to molecule.

Coiling =
Makes DNA compact - stores lots of info in a small space.

Long molecule =
Stores a large amount of info.

Strong covalent sugar-phosphate backbone =
Gives strength - prevents code from being corrupted.

H bonds between bases are weak =
Allows chains to split easily for replication and transcription.

Sequence of bases =
Allows info to be stored.

24
Q

What sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

It is a pentose sugar.

25
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous bases for RNA?

A

U - Uracil
A - Adenine
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

U Are Great Cat

26
Q

What base pairs with uracil?

A

Adenine

27
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single polynucleotide molecule.

28
Q

What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?

A

Polymer of nucleotides (polynucleotides)

Nucleotide is formed from phosphate group, pentose & nitrogenous base.

29
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA =
long polymer
double stranded
contains T,A,G,C
contains ribose
holds genetic info in nucleus
cannot transfer genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes

RNA =
short polymer
single stranded
contains U,A,G,C
contains deoxyribose
doesn’t hold genetic info in nucleus
can transfer genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes.

30
Q

Describe how DNA is replicated. [6 marks]

A

1~ DNA HELICASE attaches onto DNA molecule & breaks HYDROGEN BONDS between complementary bases.

2~ Each DNA strand acts as a TEMPLATE as 2 polynucleotide strands separate.

3~ FREE nucleotides form H bonds with complementary bases on DNA strand.

4~ DNA POLYMERASE catalyses formation of PHOSPHODIESTER bonds between adjacent nucleotides in condensation reaction.

5~ Forms 2 sets of DAUGHTER DNA helixes that have 1 parent (original) & 1 newly synthesised strand.

31
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases?

A

DNA helicase

32
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds in DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

B = Biological Molecules & Cells = (26 decks)

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