Cell Structure EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nuclear envelope? [1 mark]

A

DOUBLE membrane w/ nuclear pores to control substances that exit/enter nucleus.

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2
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria? [1 mark]

A

The site of AEROBIC respiration and production of ATP.

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3
Q

Where are the cristae found within a cell and what process occurs there? [2 mark]

A

Folds in the INNER membrane of the mitochondria.

They are the site of PHOSPHORYLATION.

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4
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? [2 marks]

A

System of MEMBRANES that is continuous with the nucleus…
with RIBOSOMES on the outer surface.

Folds proteins
Site of SYNTHESIS and TRANSPORATION of proteins and glycoproteins.

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5
Q

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum help enable synthesis of proteins? [2 marks]

A

The RER has RIBOSOMES and a large SURFACE AREA.

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6
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? [2 marks]

A

System of MEMBRANES with no ribosomes on outer surface.

Site of LIPID SYNTHESIS, storage and transport of lipids and carbs.

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Golgi apparatus? [4 marks]

A

1) Produces secretory ENZYMES and carbohydrates.

2) Stores and modifies proteins & triglycerides.

3) Forms vesicles for transporting proteins/triglycerides.

4) Forms lysosomes.

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8
Q

What is a lysosome? [1 mark]

A

A membrane-bound organelle that releases HYDROLYTIC enzymes.

Break down excess or WORN-OUT cell parts.
Destroys invading viruses and BACTERIA
.

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9
Q

What are grana? [1 mark]

A

Stacks of THYLAKOIDS found in the chloroplast.

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10
Q

What are thylakoids? [2 marks]

A

Flattened SACS in the chloroplast, containing CHLOROPHYLL.

Site of the light - dependent reaction for PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

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11
Q

What is the stroma? [2 marks]

A

The MATRIX (body) of the chloroplast in a plant cell.

Site of the light - independent reaction for photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall? [2 marks]

A

Provides RIGIDITY to the cell and stops the cell from BURSTING by exerting inward pressure to prevent osmosis.

Prevents cell losing its shape.

Physical BARRIER against PATHOGENS.

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13
Q

What are plant cell walls mainly composed of? [1 mark]

A

The polymer, cellulose.

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14
Q

What is the matrix in the mitochondria? [1 mark]

A

Fluid MATRIX (gap inside mitochondria) contains enzymes involved in respiration.

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15
Q

What is the structure function of the vacuole in a plant cell? [3 marks]

A

A fluid-filled sac with a single membrane (TONOPLAST)

It supports the plant by making cells TURGID.

Absorbs & hydrolyses harmful substances to DETOXIFY cytoplasm.

Stores sugars and amino acids which can act as a temporary FOOD STORAGE.

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16
Q

What is the function of the nucleoplasm? [1 mark]

A

Site of DNA synthesis.

Contains chromosomes.

17
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus? [1 mark]

A

(central region)

produces and assembles ribosomes.

18
Q

What is the structure and function of a mitochondria? [4 marks]

A

Has DOUBLE MEMBRANE.

Contains cristae.
Contains SHORT, CIRCULAR DNA.
Contains matrix.
———————————————————————–
SITE of AEROBIC RESPIRATION to produce ATP (releases energy)

19
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes? [2 marks]

A

Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins.
Ribosomes have NO MEMBRANE.

Produces polypeptides from amino acids to form proteins.

20
Q

What is the cell wall in fungi made of? [1 mark]

A

Chitin

21
Q

What is the cell wall in prokaryotes made of? [1 mark]

A

Murein

22
Q

What is the cell wall in algae made of? [1 mark]

A

Cellulose (like plants)

23
Q

What key words are associated with chloroplast?

A

DOUBLE membrane

Thylakoid

Grana / granum (singular)

Lamellae

Stroma

24
Q

What key words are associated with nucleus?

A

DOUBLE membrane

Nucleolus

Nucleoplasm

Nuclear envelope

25
Q

What key words are associated with mitochondria?

A

DOUBLE membrane

Circular DNA

Matrix

Cristae

26
Q

What are the key words associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes.

System of membranes.

Site of SYNTHESIS and TRANSPORATION of proteins and glycoproteins.

27
Q

What is lamellae? [1 mark]

A

Connect thylakoids of two different grana

27
Q

What is lamellae? [1 mark]

A

Connect thylakoids of two different grana

28
Q

What are the key words associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

NO ribosomes

System of membranes.

Site of lipid synthesis.

Storage & transport of lipids and carbs.

29
Q

What are the key words associated with Golgi Apparatus?

A

Produces ENZYMES & carbs.

Stores & modifies proteins & triglycerides.

Forms vesicles - transporting proteins/triglycerides.

Forms lysosomes.

30
Q

What is the function of cristae in mitochondria?

A

Inner layer of folds in the double membrane.

Provides a large surface area for enzymes.

31
Q

What is the function of the matrix in mitochondria?

A

Contains many enzymes involved in respiration.

It contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows the mitochondria to control the production of some their own proteins.