DNA Replication/Transcription/Regulation PT.2 Flashcards

Chapter 18 & 20

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1
Q

Chapter 18

What is the operon and what does it include?

A
  • Operon: stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes they control
  • Operator: on-off switch to control function of genes
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2
Q

Chapter 18

What are the types of regulators?

A
  • Repressor: swiches operon off; prevents gene transcription
  • Corepressor: helps repressor switch operon off
  • Inducer: inactivates repressor so that operon is turned on
  • Activator: tunrs on transcription of a gene that is normally off
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3
Q

Chapter 18

What is the difference between a repressible and inducible operon?

A
  • Repressible operons: binding of repressor to operator shuts off transcription (enzymes are in catabolic functions)
  • Inducible operons: inducer inactivates repressor and turns on transcription (enzymes are in anabolic pathways)
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4
Q

Chapter 18

What is Differential Gene Expression?

A

Expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

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5
Q

Chapter 18

What is histone acetylation?

A
  • Acetyl groups are attatched to amino acid in a histone tail
  • Opens us chromatin structure and promotes initiation of transcription
  • Addition of methyl groups to make DNA usable
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6
Q

Chapter 18

What is DNA methylation?

A
  • Addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA
  • Associated with reduced transcription
  • Causes long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiaion
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7
Q

Chapter 18

What is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Inheritance of traits transitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucelotide sequence
* Epigenetics: how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work
* Changes the way body reads DNA

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8
Q

Chapter 18

What are control elements?

A
  • Segments of noncoding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription factors
  • Help regulate percise transcription and gene expression
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9
Q

Chapter 18

What is alternative RNA splicing in RNA processing?

A

Different mRNA molecules from the same primary transcript

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10
Q

Chapter 18

What is cell differentiation?

A
  • Def; Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
  • Morphogenesis: phycial process that gives organisms its shape
  • Induction: signal molecules cause changes in nearby target cells
  • Determination: make a cells become a particular type of cell
    • percedes differentiation
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11
Q

Chapter 18

What are homeotic genes?

A

Regulates the development of anatomical structures in various organisms

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12
Q

Chapter 18

Important terms to knwo for Cancer

A
  • Proto-oncogenes: cell divsion gene
  • Oncogenes: mutates proto oncogenes; becomes dangerous
  • Tumor Suppressor Genes (p53): stops replication
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