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APD BIO > Chapter 52: Ecology Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 52: Ecology Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 52

What is ecology?

A
  • interactions between organisms and living/nonliving things of environment
  • interactions determine distribution & abundance of organisms
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2
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Chapter 52

Describe organismal ecology

A
  • studies an organism’s stucture, physiology & behavior
  • sees if it meet environmental challenges
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3
Q

Chapter 52

Describe population ecology

A
  • focuses on factors affecting populaiton size over time

population: group of individuals of same species in an area

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4
Q

Chapter 52

Describe community ecology

A
  • effect of interspecfic interactions on community structure and organization

community: group of poulations of different species in an area

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5
Q

Chapter 52

Describe ecosystem ecology

A
  • energy flow & chemical cysling between organisms and environment

ecosystem: community of organisms in an area & physical factors they interact with

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6
Q

Chapter 52

Describe landscape ecology

A
  • exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

landscape/seascape: a mosaic of connected ecosystems

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7
Q

Chapter 52

Describe global economy

A
  • influence of energy and materials on organisms across biosphere

biosphere: sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

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8
Q

Chapter 52

What is climate? What is its 4 major physical components?

A
  • Climate: long term weather conditions in an area
  • 4 components: temp, precipitation, sunlight, wind
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9
Q

Chapter 52

Whas causes latitudinal variations in climate?

A
  • warming effect of sun
  • can cause temp variations, circulation of air & water, and water evaporation
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10
Q

Chapter 52

Tropics

A
  • located in between poles and equator
  • tropic of cancer & tropic of capricorn
  • intensity of sunlight is strongest here
  • sunlight most directly strikes Earth
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11
Q

Chapter 52

What is the difference between descending and ascending air masses in climate?

A
  • ascending air masses release water and cause tropical climates
  • descending air masses create dry & arid climates
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12
Q

Chapter 52

What is seasonality caused by?

A
  • the tilt of earth’s axis oc rotation
  • its annual passage arounf the sun
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13
Q

Chapter 52

How do ocean currents affect climate?

A
  • currents flowing toward equator carry cold water from poles
  • currents flowing away from equator carry warm water to poles
  • air is also cooled/warmed with these current movements
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14
Q

Chapter 52

What is the relationship between air and mountains

A
  • warm air cools as it rises up the mountain
  • releases moisture on the windward side
  • rainshadow effect: reduction of moisture on the opp side of mountain away from prevaling winds
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15
Q

Chapter 52

What is microclimate?

A

very fine, localized patterins in climate

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16
Q

Chapter 52

What is the difference between abiotic & biotic factors?

A
  • abiotic: nonliving attributes (temp, light, water, nutrients)
  • biotic: organisms that are part of an individual’s environment (trees, soil, pathogens, food resources, predation)
    both influence species and distribution
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17
Q

Chapter 52

What is climate change?

A
  • directional change to global climate
  • lasting three decades or more
  • wind & participation patterns are shifting
  • global temp rising
  • frequency of extreme wather events increasing

studying how species responded to changes in past will help predict effects of future global climate change

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18
Q

Chapter 52

What is a biome?

A

life zones characterized by vegetaion type or physical enviornment

19
Q

Chapter 52

What is a climograph?

A

plots annual average temp and percipitation in a region

20
Q

Chapter 52

What is disturbance?

A

an event (storm, fire, human activity) that changes community
ex: hurricanes allow openings in forests for new species to grow

21
Q

Chapter 52

Terrestial biomes

A
  • climate is a factor that determines these biome’s locations
  • these biomes usually grade into each other
  • no sharp/clear boundaries
  • vertical layering: provide diverse habitats for animals
22
Q

Chapter 52

Describe Tropical Forest

A
  • tropical rain forests: rainfall is constant
  • tropical dry forests: percpitaion is seasonal
  • annual temp: 25-29 C
  • little seasonal variation
  • vertical layering is existent
  • animal diversity is highest
  • human impact/disturbance: deforestation
23
Q

Chapter 52

Describe deserts

A
  • rain is low & high variable
  • temp is variable seasonally and daily
  • can be hot or cold
  • animals are noctural and have adaptations for water conservation
  • human impact: reduced biodiversity via urbanization/irrigational agriculture
24
Q

Chapter 52

Describe savanna

A
  • precipation is season
  • dry season last 8-9 months
  • annual temp: 24-29 c
  • more seasonally variable than tropics
  • plants have adaptations that are fire resistant and drought tolerant
  • human impact: cattle ranching & overhunting
25
Q

Chapter 52

Describe chaparral

A
  • rainy winters & dry summers
  • percpiation is seasonal
  • summer are hot; spring, fall, winter are cool
  • shrubs, small trees, herbs; adapted to fire & drought
  • animals: birds, insects, browing mammals, etc..
  • human impact: reduction in these areas b/c of agriculture & urbanization
26
Q

Chapter 52

Describe temperate grasslands

A
  • preciptation: highly seasonal
  • winter: cold & dry; summer: hot & wet
  • plants, etc.. adapted to droughts & fire
  • native mammals: bison, wild horses, etc..
  • human impact: grassland into farmland
27
Q

Chapter 52

Describe taiga (northern conferoud forest)

A
  • preciptation varies based on location
  • winters: cold; summers: hot
  • pines, fir, hemlock, etc. dominate
  • animals: moose, brown bears, resident birds
  • human impact: logging old-growth stands
28
Q

Chapter 52

Describe temperate broadlead forest

A
  • preciptation: significan amounts: fall during all seasons as rain or snow
  • a mature forest has vertical layering
  • dominant plants: deciduos trees & evergreen eucalpytus
  • human impact: human populations settle in these areas
29
Q

Chapter 52

Describe tundra

A
  • covers expanisve areas in Artic
  • annual percipitation is low
  • winters are cold, summers are cool
  • permaforest: restricts growth of plants roots
  • mammals: musk oxen, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, etc…
  • human impact: oil & mineral extraction
30
Q

Chapter 52

Aquatic Biomes

A
  • characterized by physical & chemical environment
  • surrounding terrestrial biome, pattern/speed of water flow, climate influence this biome
  • photic zone: sufficient light for photosynthesis
  • aphotic zone: receives little light
  • benthic zone: sediment at bottom of aquatic zones
  • abyssal zone: in aphotic zone
  • thermocline: seprates warm upper layer from cool deeper water
  • tunrover: mixes oxygenated water w/ nutrient rich water
31
Q

Chapter 52

Describe lakes

A
  • oligotrophc lakes: nutrient poor, oxygen rich. less surface area
  • eutrophic lakes: nutrient rich, oxygen poor
  • littoral zone: close to shore
  • limnetic zone: deep water
  • fishes: live in zones with oxygen
  • human impact: human nduced nutrients
32
Q

Chapter 52

Describe wetlands

A
  • develop in shallow basins, along flooded river baks, or on the coasts of lakes
  • among most productive biomes
  • plants: lilies, cattails, etc..
  • human impact: up 90% of wetlands have been destroyed
33
Q

Chapter 52

Describe streams/rivers

A
  • headwater: narrow, rocky, cold, clear, oxygen rich
  • downstream: wide, warmer, well oxugenated
  • diveristy of fishes and invertrebates
  • human impact: damming, flood control & pollution
34
Q

Chapter 52

Describe estuaries

A
  • transition area between river & sea
  • nutrient rich and highly productive
  • has a complex network of tidal channels, islands, leeves, and mudflates
  • saltmarch grasses & algae: major producers
  • human imapct: filling, dredging, and pollution
35
Q

Chapter 52

Describe oceanic pelagic zone

A
  • seasonal turnover: renews nutrients in the photic zones
  • constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
  • phytoplankton & zooplankton are dominant organisms
  • human impact: overfishing, pollution, ocean acidification, global warming
36
Q

Chapter 52

Describe coral reef

A
  • formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
  • shallow reef-building corals live in the photic zone
  • deep-sea corals live in the depth of sea
  • fringing reef to barrier reef to coral atoll
  • require high o2 concentrations & solid substrate for attachment
  • have mutalistic relationship w/ unicellular algae
  • human impact: overfishing, collection of coral skeletons, pollution, etc…
37
Q

Chapter 52

Describe marine benthic zone

A
  • consists of sea floor below surface waters of the coastal & offshore pelagic zone
  • substrate is mainly soft sediments
  • contains seaweed and algae
  • hydrothermal vents: on mid oceanic ridges surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes
  • human impact: overfishing & waste dumping
38
Q

Chapter 52

What are some biotic factors that limit a species’ distribution?

A

predation, parasitism, competition, disease

39
Q

Chapter 52

What are some abiotic factors that limit its distribution?

A
  • chemical factors: water, o2, salinity, pH, soil nutrients
  • physical factors: temp, light, soil, structure, fire, etc…
40
Q

Chapter 52

What is dispersal?

A
  • movement of individuals away from centers of high population density (or area of origin)
  • contributes to global distribution
  • natural range expansions show influence of this on distribution
  • rare case: can lead to adaptive radiation
41
Q

Chapter 52

What are species transplants?

A
  • organisms that are relocated from their original distribution
  • can be intentional or accidental
  • cam disrupt communities/ecosystems
42
Q

Chapter 52

What are important factors in the distribution of organisms?

A
  • environmental temperature
  • range shifts in response to clomate change
  • water (salinity) & oxygen availability
  • sunlight availability
43
Q

Chapter 52

What are characteristics of soil that limit distribution of plants?

A
  • physical structure
  • pH
  • mineral composition
44
Q

Chapter 52

What is the relationship between ecological interactions & evolutionary change?

A
  • ecological change — alters selective pressures in population = evolutionary change
  • evolutionary change — alters outcome of ecological interactions = ecological change

APD BIO (11 decks)

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