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APD BIO > Chapter 54: Community Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 54: Community Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 54

What are interspecfic interactions?

A
  • def: relationships between species in a community
  • examples: competiton, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutalism, & commensalism
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2
Q

Chapter 54

What is competition?

A
  • species compete for a resouce that are short in supply
  • can limite survival and reproduction
  • competitve exclusion: when strong competition cause local elimiation of competing species
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3
Q

Chapter 54

What is an ecological niche?

A
  • the sum of an organism’s use of biotic & abiotic resources
  • an organism’s ecological role
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4
Q

Chapter 54

What is resource partitioning?

A

when similar species coexist in a community despite differentiation in ecological niches

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5
Q

Chapter 54

What is the difference between an organisms’s fundamental and realized niche?

A
  • fundamental niche - potentially occupied by that species
  • realized niche - actually occupied by that species
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6
Q

Chapter 54

What is exploitation?

A
  • def: any interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on other species
  • these interactions include: predation, herbivory, & parasitism
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7
Q

Chapter 54

What is predation?

A
  • one species (predator) kills & eats the other (prey)
  • predators have adaptations that help them find & catch their prey
  • prey have adaptations to avoid being eaten
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8
Q

Chapter 54

What are examples of these defense adaptations

A
  • mechanical defense & chemical defense
  • apopsematic coloration: warning color
  • batesian mimicry
  • cryptic coloration: camouflage
  • mullerian mimcry
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9
Q

Chapter 54

What is herbivory?

A
  • herbivore eats parts of a plant/alga
  • herbivores have specialized adaptations
  • plants may produce toxins & mechanical defenses as protection
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10
Q

Chapter 54

What is parasitism?

A
  • parasite derives nourishment from host w/ harming it
  • endoparasites live in body of host
  • ectoparasites live on surface of host
  • parasites can directly/indirectly affect survical & density of host population
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11
Q

Chapter 54

What is mutalism?

A
  • both specis benefit from interaction
  • some species depend on the other for survival/reproduction
  • ex: a bee pollinates a flower for honey; bee carries pollen to another flower which helps plant reproduction
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12
Q

Chapter 54

What is commensalism?

A
  • one species benefits and the other is harmed nor helped
  • ex: wildfowers depend on shade provided by trees; trees are not affected
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13
Q

Chapter 54

What is species diversity?

A
  • variety of organisms that make up a community
  • two components
    1. species richness: # of different species in community
    1. relative abundance: proportion each species respresents of all individuals in the community
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14
Q

Chapter 54

Communities w/ high diversity are…

A
  • more productive
  • more stable
  • can withstand & recover from environmental stresses
  • more resistant to invasive species
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15
Q

Chapter 54

What is the trophic structure?

A
  • the feeding relationships between organisms in a communty
  • can greatly affect community structure & dynamics
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16
Q

Chapter 54

Food chains

A
  • link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
  • limits of food chain length: energetic hypothesis, large carnivors at high trophic levels
17
Q

Chapter 54

What is a food web?

A
  • group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions
  • similar trophic relationships are grouped into broad functional groups
  • isolate portion of community that interacts very little w/ rest of community
18
Q

Chapter 54

What is energetic hypothesis?

A
  • suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer
  • 10% of energy stored in matter at each trophic level is convered to matter at next level
  • ex: 100kg - 10 kg -1 kg
19
Q

Chapter 54

What is the difference between dominant & keystone species?

A
  • dominant: most abundant; have highest biomass
  • keystone: exert strong control on community; arent necessarily the dominant ones
20
Q

Chapter 54

What is the bottom-up model?

A
  • unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels
  • nutient levels limit plants, plants limit herbivores, herbivores limit predators
21
Q

Chapter 54

What is the top down model?

A
  • proposes control coming from trophec level above
  • predators limit herbivores, herbivores limit plants, plants limit nutrient levels

APD BIO (11 decks)

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