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APD BIO > DNA Replication/Transcription/Regulation PT.1 > Flashcards

DNA Replication/Transcription/Regulation PT.1 Flashcards

Chapter 16 & 17

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1
Q

Chapter 16

Who are Watson & Crick?

A
  • Introduce double helic model of the structure of DNA
  • Discovered nitrogenous bases: A, T, C, G
  • Figured out through Rosalind Franklin that DNA formed a double helix
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2
Q

Chapter 16

What is transformation?

A
  • Phenomenon discovred by Fredrick Griffith
  • Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
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3
Q

Chapter 16

What are the parts of a nucleotide (monomer of DNA)

A
  1. 5C Sugar (5’ end starts where phosphate group sticks out)
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous Bases - held with hydrogen bonds
    * Antiparallel - 2 strands run in opposite directions (5’ to 3’ & 3’ to 5’)
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4
Q

Chapter 16

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A
  1. Base composition of DNA varies between species
  2. # of A & T are equal and # of C &G are equal
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5
Q

Chapter 16

What are Purines & Pyrimidines?

A

Purines: A & G
Pyrimidines: T & C
* Purine + Purine = too wide
* Pyrimidine + Pyrimidine = too narrow

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6
Q

Chapter 16

What is the difference between the pairing of A & T and C & G?

A

C & G bind with 3 hydrogen bonds while A & T bind with 2 hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Chapter 16

What is Watson’s and Crick’s semiconservative model?

A

Every replicated double helix has one old strand from parent molecule and one newly made strand

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8
Q

Chapter 16

Steps to DNA replication

A
  1. Origins of Replication: two DNA strands are separated
  2. Replication bubble is opened
  3. Primase: adds RNA primer to start new strand
  4. DNA polymerase: adds more nucleotides (in 5’ to 3’ direction)
  5. New DNA strands are elongated at the replication fork
  6. Helicases: enzymes that seprate the double helix at the replication forks
  7. Single-strand binding proteins bind and stabalize single stranded DNA
  8. Topoisomerase prevents supercoiling. Breakes and rejoins DNA strands
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9
Q

Chapter 16

Lagging strand vs leading strand

A
  • Leading strand replicates continuously while lagging strand replicates discontinuosly forming Ozaki Fragments
  • Leading strand is in same direction as replication fork and lagging strand is in opp
  • Leading strand is 5’ to 3’ direction and lagging strand is 3’ to 5’ direction
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10
Q

Chapter 16

What is ligase?

A

Binds Ozaki Fragments

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11
Q

Chapter 16

What is a mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair?

A
  • Mismatch repair: correct errors in base pairing
  • Nucleotide excision repair: nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
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12
Q

Chapter 16

What is the role of telomeres?

A
  • Junk DNA at the end of a chromosome that sets the max number of replication
  • Shortens as one ages; protects cells from cancerous growth
  • Telomerase: creates the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells
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13
Q

Chapter 16

What are histones?

A

Proteins responsible for packing and organizaing chromatin (unwounded chromosome)
* Nucleosome: basic unit of DNA packaging - involved in regulation of gene expression
* Happens during interphase

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14
Q

Chapter 16

What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A
  • Euchromatin: loosely packed chromatin that is unclumped
  • Heterochromatin: highly condensed chromatin that is clumped
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15
Q

Chapter 17

What is gene expression?

A
  • Process where DNA directs protein synthesis
  • Two stages: Transcription and Translation
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16
Q

Chapter 17

What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

A
  • The function of the gene is to dictate specific production of a protein
  • Proteins are composed of polypeptides that have their own gene
17
Q

Chapter 17

What is the difference between Transcription and Translation?

A
  • Transcription: produces mRNA using infro from DNA
  • Translation: produces polypeptides using info mRNA
18
Q

Chapter 17

What are ribosomes?

A
  • Where translation occurs
19
Q

Chapter 17

What is the difference between translation/transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes: have no cell membrane: translation can happen before transcription finishes
  • Eukaryotes: nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation; rna processsing occurs before translation
20
Q

Chapter 17

What is the general process of protein making through genes?

A
  1. Template strand of DNA provides nucleotides for RNA transcript
  2. RNA (nontemplate) strand is read in codons; each codon specfies for one amino acid
  3. Codon is read in the correct reading frame (correct grouping)
  4. Polypetides are produced to form a protein
21
Q

Chapter 17

What is RNA polymerase in transcription?

A
  • Splits DNA strands apart and joins together RNA nucleotides
  • Doesn’t need a primer
  • Uracils replaces thymines
22
Q

Chapter 17

What is the promoter, terminator, and transciption unit?

A
  • Promoter: DNA seqeunce where RNA polymerase attaches
  • Terminator: seqeunce signaling end of transcription
  • Transciption unit: stretch of DNA that has been transcibed
23
Q

Chapter 17

What are the three stages of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation: transcription factos mediate binding of RNA polymerase
    - Transcription initiation complex: assembly of tranciption factors and RNA polymerase
    - TATA box: creates initiation complex
  2. Elongation: nucleotides added to the 3’ end of growing RNA molecule
  3. Termination
24
Q

Chapter 17

What happens during RNA processing after transcription?

A

Pre-mRNA is modified; they help export mRNA to cytoplasm, protect mRNA, and help ribosems attach to 5’ end
* 5’ end receives a modified 5’ cap
* 3’ end gets a poly-A tail

25
Q

Chapter 17

What is the relationship between introns/exons and RNA splicing?

A
  • Introns: noncoding regions
  • exons: coding regions, eventually translated
  • RNA splicing: splicesomes remove introns and joins exons - creates continuous coding sequence
26
Q

Chapter 17

What is alternative RNA splicing?

A

Genes that encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons

27
Q

Chapter 17

What is the role of tRNA?

A
  1. Helps cell translate an mRNA message into protein
  2. Transfer and attach amino acids to growing polypeptide
  3. Carries specfic amino acid on one end (3’ to 5’ end) and anticodon on the other end
  4. Roughly L shaped
28
Q

Chapter 17

What are the two steps for accurate translation?

A
  1. Aminoactyl-tRNA synthetase helps correctly match tRNA and amino acid
  2. Correct macth between tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon
29
Q

Chapter 17

What is wobble?

A

Allows flexible pairing of third base of a codon

30
Q

Chapter 17

What are the two ribosomal subunits made out of?

A

Proteins and ribosmal RNA (rRNA)

31
Q

Chapter 17

What are the three binding sites for tRNA?

A
  1. A site: holds tRNA that next amino acid to be added to the chain
  2. P site: holds tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain
  3. E site: exit site; discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
32
Q

Chapter 17

What is a polyribosome/polysone?

A
  • When multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously
  • Enable cells to make many copies of a polypeptide really quickly
33
Q

Chapter 17

What are types of substitution mutations?

A
  • Point mutation: changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene
    -Nucleotide pair substiution: self - explanatory
    -Silent Mutations: codes for same amino acid even with wrong sequence
    -Missence Mutations: codes for wrong amino acid
    -Nonsense Mutations: code for STOP codon
34
Q

Chapter 17

What are types of insetion/deletion mutations?

A
  • Insertion: additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene
  • Deletion: losses of nucleotide paits in a gene
  • Frameshift mutations: altering of reading frame that changes many amino acids
35
Q

Chapter 17

What is a mutagen?

A

A Physical or chemical agent that can cause mutations

APD BIO (11 decks)

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