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Biology 2311 > DNA Replication- PowerPoint > Flashcards

DNA Replication- PowerPoint Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the template strand?

A

parent strand, what the daughter strand replicates from

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2
Q

What is the daughter strand?

A

new strand

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3
Q

Watson and Crick proposed what type of model?

A

semi-conservative model

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4
Q

What is the Conservative replication model?

A

The two strands of the original molecule serve as templates for the two strands of a new DNA molecule; then, they rewind into an all “old” molecule.

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5
Q

What is a the Dispersive replication model?

A

Neither parental strand is conserved, and both chains of each replicated molecule contain old and new segments.

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6
Q

What is semi-conservative model?

A

2 daughter stands both have a parent strand for first round of replication

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7
Q

Which mode of replication would require the most amount of energy?

A

dispersive model

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8
Q

Which mode of replication does DNA actually follow?

A

semi-conservative model

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9
Q

What happened in Meselson and Stahl experiment?

A
  • Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N
  • All the DNA incorporated 15N
  • Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
  • DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
  • DNA Molecules with different densities were separated by centrifugation
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10
Q

How did they band the density gradient in Meselson and Stahl experiment?

A

cesium chloride

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11
Q

Something with a higher density will band where?

A

bottom of tube

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12
Q

Where were the location of the 15N and 14N in the tube?

A

15N on bottom bc higher density and 14N in the top of the tube

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13
Q

How does the density gradient separate a sample?

A

the sample will band with the density band that matches it

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14
Q

How long does it take for a bacteria to replicate? (binary fission)

A

20 minutes

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15
Q

What do the peaks correspond to?

A

the number of bands

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16
Q

During the first round where the sample had 0 rounds of replication what nitrogen was found in it?

A

15N

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17
Q

During the first round where the sample had 1 rounds of replication what nitrogen was found in it?

A

15N and 14N

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18
Q

During the first round where the sample had 2 rounds of replication what nitrogen was found in it?

A

15N and 14N hybrid and a pure 14N

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19
Q

DNA with 15N and 14N will have what type of density?

A

hybrid

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20
Q

Which replication models did the first sample where 0 rounds of replication occurred?

A

all

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21
Q

Which replication models did the second sample where 1 rounds of replication occurred?

A

semi-conservative and dispersive

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22
Q

Which replication models did the third sample where 2 rounds of replication occurred?

A

only semi-conservative

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23
Q

What are DNA polymerases?

A

assemble complementary polynucleotide chains from

individual deoxyribonucleotides

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24
Q

What are the 4 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates?

A

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP

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25
Q

Where does DNA polymerases add nucleotides?

A

only to the 3′ end of an existing chain

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26
Q

What are the rules of DNA polymerase? (3)

A

1) 5’ —–> 3’
2) nucleotides added to 3’ end
3) new and old strand are anti-parallel

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27
Q

What provides energy for DNA chain elongation reaction?

A

hydrolysis of Pyrophosphate

28
Q

What do they use for banding densities now?

A

sucrose

29
Q

What is the gel that DNA is run on?

A

auger gel

30
Q

How long does the auger gel need to solidify?

A

10 mins

31
Q

What is used for intercalation (inbetween) between base pairs?

A

ethridium bromide

32
Q

How do you see the DNA after you have run the gel?

A

UV light

33
Q

What does ethridium bromide color the DNA?

A

pink

34
Q

What is used to make wells in the gel?

A

comb

35
Q

If one sample has 80 base pairs and the other sample has 120 base pairs which sample moves faster in the sample?

A

80 base pair sample

36
Q

What is the control in the gel?

A

molecular weight marker

37
Q

How many base pairs is 1kb?

A

1000kb

38
Q

What 3 things does DNA replication require?

A

1) Parental DNA molecule—template
2) Enzymes – DNA Polymerases
3) Nucleotide triphosphates – four different dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP

39
Q

What do DNA polymerases assemble?

A

complementary polynucleotide chains from individual

deoxyribonucleotides

40
Q

What is a sliding clamp and what is its shape?

A

protein, doubt shape

41
Q

Is the sliding clamp behind or ahead of the DNA polymerase?

A

behind

42
Q

Whats the role of the sliding clamp?

A

make sure DNA polymerase doesn’t fall off the template strand

43
Q

What is the result of the sliding clamp?

A

increases efficiency

44
Q

How is the sliding clamp loaded and unloaded onto replicating DNA in humans?

A

clamp loader, The efficient unloading of sliding clamps by clamp loaders once DNA polymerase has dissociated from DNA is probably important for the overall efficiency of DNA replication

45
Q

How does a new strand of DNA begin if there is no existing chain?

A

A new strand begins with a short chain of RNA (primer), synthesized by the enzyme primase

46
Q

What does primase do?

A

Primase leaves the template, and DNA polymerase takes over, extending the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides as it synthesizes the new DNA chain

47
Q

What are RNA primers are replaced with later in replication?

A

DNA

48
Q

What is ori? and what happens?

A

origin of replication, In the bacterial chromosome, unwinding of DNA for replication occurs here bidirectionally

49
Q

What unwinds DNA?

A

DNA helicase

50
Q

What does DNA helicase produce?

A

Y-shaped replication fork

51
Q

What do Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs) do?

A

coat the exposed single-stranded DNA segments, keeping them from pairing.

52
Q

What does Topoisomerase do?

A

cuts and rejoins DNA to prevent twisting in circular

bacterial chromosomes.

53
Q

What direction is the template strand read in?

A

3′→5′ direction

54
Q

What is torsional strain?

A

the strain caused by the twisting of DNA

55
Q

What relieves torsional strain?

A

topoisomerase

56
Q

What does DNA helicase get its energy from?

A

ATP hydrolysis

57
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

the new DNA strand is synthesized in the direction of DNA unwinding. This is a single priming event.

58
Q

Which strand is Synthesized on the leading strand template?

A

leading strand

59
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

strand synthesized discontinuously in the direction opposite DNA unwinding

60
Q

How many priming events does the leading strand need?

A

1

61
Q

How many priming events does the lagging strand need?

A

multiple

62
Q

Which strand is Synthesized on the lagging strand template?

A

lagging stand

63
Q

What are Okazaki fragments? how long are they?

A

fragments of DNA, 100 – 200 base pairs long

64
Q

Which strand replicates away from the fork?

A

lagging strand

65
Q

Which strand replicates towards the fork?

A

leading strand

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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