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Biology 2311 > Chapter 9- PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 9- PowerPoint Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 ways cells communicate with eachother?

A

1) direct contact
2) local signaling
3) long-distance signaling

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps in how target cells process the signal?

A

1) reception
2) transduction
3) response

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3
Q

What is the cell that sends the signal?

A

signaling cell

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4
Q

What is the cell that receives the signal?

A

target cell

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5
Q

What does communication between cells require?

A

ligand and receptor protien

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6
Q

what is a ligand?

A

signaling molecule

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7
Q

Where are receptor proteins located?

A

plasma membrane or within the cell

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8
Q

what is a receptor protein?

A

molecule to which the signal binds

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9
Q

How does polarity affect the location of receptor proteins?

A

determines if the receptor protein is located on in the plasma membrane or within the cell

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10
Q

What is Direct contact?

A

molecules on the surface of one cell are

recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell

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11
Q

What is an example of a direct contact junction?

A

gap junctions

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12
Q

What is an example of a direct contact in plants?

A

plasmodesmata

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of local signaling?

A

paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and autocrine signaling

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14
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells

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15
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

signaling between neurons

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16
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

local regulator acts on the same cell that it produces it

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17
Q

What is the “synapsis” of muscle cells?

A

neural muscular junction

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18
Q

Where does synaptic signaling also occur?

A

muscle cells

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19
Q

What is long distance signaling?

A

A controlling cell secretes a signaling molecule (hormone) which produces a response in target cells that may be far away

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20
Q

What’s the most common means of cell communication?

A

long distance signaling

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21
Q

Do all cells contain receptors for all signaling moleuces?

A

no

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22
Q

What happens when something binds to a receptor protien? what is it called?

A

changes proteins conformation, called activation

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23
Q

What kicks off transduction?

A

activation of receptor protein

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24
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

ligand

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25
Q

Where are the location of the 1st and 2nd messenger?

A

1st is outside the cell

2nd is indside the cell

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26
Q

In which experiment did we understand the concept of the second messenger?

A

southerland’s experiment

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27
Q

What did they find in breast cancer cells?

A

increase in epidermal growth factors

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28
Q

What did they find in breast cancer cells?

A

increase in epidermal growth factors

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29
Q

What is GPCR?

A

G protein-coupled receptor

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30
Q

What are the 3 subunits the form trimeric G protein?

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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31
Q

Is the trimeric G protein large?

A

yes

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32
Q

What does G-protein active mean?

A

binds to GTP

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33
Q

What does G-protein inactive mean?

A

binds to GDP

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34
Q

Where does the receptor bind?

A

alpha subunit

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35
Q

What happens when the alpha subunits when a receptor binds?

A

gives up GDP and separates from the beta-gamma

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36
Q

How do hormones move around in animals?

A

circulatory system

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37
Q

How do hormones move around in plants?

A

moving through cells

—some are gases that diffuse through the air

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38
Q

What is reception?

A

binding of a signal molecule

with a specific receptor on a target cell

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39
Q

Where do receptors for polar signal molecules have a binding site?

A

cell surface

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40
Q

Where do receptors for nonpolar signal molecules have a binding site?

A

within the cell

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41
Q

What is an example of polar signal molecule?

A

epinephrine

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42
Q

What is an example of nonpolar signal molecule?

A

steroid hormones

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43
Q

What is transduction?

A

changes a signal into a form that causes a cellular response

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44
Q

What can trigger a cellular response?

A

proteins and second messengers

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45
Q

What was the response in Sutherland’s work?

A

activation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

46
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

When activated receptor initiates a whole host of responses within the cell

47
Q

Is the combination of surface receptors on a particular cell type fized?

A

nope, changes as cells develop

48
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of membrane receptors?

A

channel linked, enzymatic, and G protien-coupled receptor

49
Q

What is a channel linked receptor?

A

ion channel that opens in

response to a ligand

50
Q

What are enzymatic receptors?

A

receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand (receptor tyrosine Kinases)

51
Q

What is a G protein-coupled receptor?

A

a G-protein (bound to GTP)

assists in transmitting the signal

52
Q

What are the 2 types of G proteins?

A

Ras and Trimeric

53
Q

Which G protein is monomeric?

A

Ras

54
Q

Which G protein binds to GTP in their active form and GDP in their inactive form?

A

Both Ras and Trimeric

55
Q

Which G protein does the guanine nucleotide bind to the alpha subunit?

A

trimeric

56
Q

What are GPCRs?

A
  • G-protein is a switch turned on by the receptor

- G-protein activates an effector protein (enzyme) which is membrane bound

57
Q

What activates GPCRs?

A

first messenger

58
Q

What does binding of GPCR do?

A

activates the effector

59
Q

How does the G-protein subunit inactivates itself?

A

hydrolyzing GTP to GDP

60
Q

What does the activated effector do?

A

generates internal, nonprotein signal

molecules called second messengers

61
Q

What do second messengers do?

A

directly or indirectly activate protein
kinases, which initiate cellular response by phosphorylating
specific target proteins

62
Q

What is effector?

A

enzyme that can make a second messenger

63
Q

When is the G-protein activated? What happens after this?

A

when GTP binds, then a conformational change takes place

64
Q

Does the alpha subunit have it’s own lipid anchor?

A

yes

65
Q

What is a protein kinase?

A

enzyme that adds a phosphate

66
Q

What is a phosphatase?

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

67
Q

What is a common way to change the activity of a protein?

A

phosphorylation

68
Q

What are the 2 classes of kinases?

A

serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases

69
Q

Where does kinases get the phosphate from?

A

ATP

70
Q

Why are there regulator?

A

Turns off signal transduction pathway, if there is always a high signal it defeats the purpose of a signal

71
Q

What are the 3 types of target proteins for protein kinases?

A

enzymes, ion channels, regulatory proteins

72
Q

What is a kinase cascade?

A

each kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of another

73
Q

What is the last part in the kinase cascade?

A

target protein

74
Q

Does the kinase donate its phosphate to the substrate?

A

NOOO

75
Q

What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

A

second messenger that is smaller and water-soluble

76
Q

What are two different pathways that use cAMP?

A

epinephrine and glucogon

77
Q

What is the effector that produces cAMP?

A

enzyme adenylyl cyclase

78
Q

What does adenylyl cyclase do?

A

converts ATP to cAMP

79
Q

What does the first pathway of G-proteins involve?

A

cAMP

80
Q

What does the second pathway of G-proteins involve?

A

inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

81
Q

Which second messenger sits in the membrane?

A

diacylglycerol (DAG)

82
Q

Does diacylglycerol (DAG) float around in the cytosol?

A

no

83
Q

What is the effector for the second pathway?

A

phospholipase C

84
Q

How does phospholipase C work?

A

breaks down membrane phospholipid

85
Q

What role can cAMP play in plants?

A

germination and some plant defensive rsponses

86
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

control uptake and oxidation of glucose, glycogen breakdown or synthesis, ion transport, transport of aminos acid, and cell division

87
Q

What is an example of cAMP?

A

Glucagon triggers a cAMP receptor–response
pathway in liver cells, which stimulates them to break
down glycogen into glucose units

88
Q

What is IP3?

A

small, water-soluble molecule that diffuses rapidly

through the cytoplasm

89
Q

Is DAG is hydrophobic? If so what does this mean?

A

Yes, this means it remains in the plasma membrane

90
Q

Is DAG is hydrophobic? If so what does this mean?

A

Yes, this means it remains in the plasma membrane

91
Q

Where does IP3/DAG second messenger pathway occurs?

A

all eukaryotic organisms

92
Q

What does the IP3/DAG second messenger pathway do?

A

y control responses such as sugar and ion transport,
glucose oxidation, cell growth and division, and
movements such as smooth muscle contraction

93
Q

What does the IP3/DAG second messenger pathway do in animal cells?

A

IP3 activates transport proteins in the ER that release stored Ca2+ into the cytoplasm – Ca2+, alone or with DAG, activates a protein kinase cascade that brings about the cellular effect

94
Q

Do glucagon and epinephrine produce the same effect?

A

yes

95
Q

What do glucagon and epinephrine do?

A

stimulate liver cells to mobilize glucose

96
Q

Do glucagon and epinephrine act by the same signal transduction pathway?

A

yes

97
Q

Is there a nuclear membrane for bacteria?

A

no

98
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

bacteria release signal molecules in increasing concentration as cell density increases, all cells then respond—-bacteria live in a quorum (community)

99
Q

Do prokaryotes have the details/complexity of protein cascade?

A

no

100
Q

What is an example of convergence?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine both come from adenylyl cyclase —-> cAMP

101
Q

More enzymes and kinases leads to what?

A

more amplification

102
Q

Where are IP2/DAG second messenger pathways universal among?

A

eukaryotic organisms

103
Q

Where are IP2/DAG second messenger pathways control?

A

sugar and ion transport, glucose oxidation, cell growth and division, and movements such as smooth muscle contraction

104
Q

What did Earl Sutherland do?

A

investigated how the hormone epinephrine activates the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to catalyze the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

105
Q

What was the significance of Earl Sutherland’s experiment?

A

Demonstrated that enzyme activation did not directly involve epinephrine (the first messenger in the system) but required another cellular factor (the second messenger)

—discovered second messenger

106
Q

What are the 2 components in bacterial signaling?

A

1) surface receptor protein

2) intracellular response regulator

107
Q

What are the steps in bacterial signaling?

A

1) A signaling molecule binds to and activates the surface receptor
2) Surface receptor phosphorylates and activates response regulator
3) Response regulator binds to regulatory sequences in DNA, which turns genes on or off

108
Q

What is the evolution of cell communication?

A

1) mechanisms for cell signaling existed in unicellular organisms
2) quorum sensing in bacteria uses signal molecules in response to changes in it’s environment
3) unicellular eukaryote, yeast, use of signal molecules in mating
4) Some protein components of cell communication pathways are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryote

109
Q

Where are protein kinases found?

A

after the evolution of eukaryotes

110
Q

What is a pathway common to fruit flies and human? significance?

A

cell growth pathway, pathways is at least 800 million years old and supports evolution of cell communication.

111
Q

What is the pathway of cAMP?

A

1) cAMP activates PKA
2) active PKA activates GPK
3) active GPK activates glycogen phosphorylase

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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