Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2311 > Chapter 5-PowerPoint Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 5-PowerPoint Lectures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

A

integral proteins go through the bilayer membrane while peripheral proteins do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do biological membranes consist of?

A

lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is glycerol?

A

3-carbon polyalcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

3 benzene rings, 1 pentane ring, hydrophobic tail attached to the pentane ring, and a hydroxyl group on the benzene ring end (hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

helps in membrane fluidity (only in certain concentrations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is it called fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipids and proteins are freely moving around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which move around at a great rate phospholipids or proteins?

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does “Mosaic” refer to?

A

membrane proteins—not uniform all around the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the purpose of membrane protien?

A

transport, recognition, receptors, cell adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What helps keep membranes fluid at low temperatures?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does cholesterol help with membrane fluidty?

A

prevents hydrocarbon tails from stiffening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does cholesterol do at higher temperatures?

A

stabilizes membranes and decreases fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do eukaryotic organisms adapt to colder temps?

A

changing membrane lipids—hibernation

Double bonds (increases unsat. fatty acids to improve fluidity) and cholesterol increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do membrane proteins move around in the bilayer?

A

Frye and Edidin’s experiment, they found it did b/c the chimera cell had the human and mouse cell proteins mixed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

proteins that specifically recognizes the protein of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is chimera?

A

mixing of two cells (ex. mixing a mouse and human cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can integral membrane proteins also be called?

A

transmembrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which (nonpolar/polar) move through the membrane easily? (selective permeability)

A

nonpolar hydrophobic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which (nonpolar/polar) move through the membrane harder? (selective permeability)

A

polar hydrophilic molecules

need a membrane protein to get across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do charges atoms and molecules blocked by membrane?

A

yes they are blocked by the hydrophobic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do passive transport get its energy from?

A

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the forms of active transport?

A

primary and secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does primary active transport get its energy from?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does secondary active transport get its energy from?

A

other energy forms other than ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does it mean when active transport moves against the gradient?

A

moving from low to high concentration—need energy!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is another name for secondary active transport?

A

coupled transports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does simple diffusion transport?

A

non polar inorganic gases such O2,N2, CO2 and organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is transported with facilitated diffusion?

A

polar and charged molecules that need transport proteins such as water, amino acids , sugars, and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between facilitated and simple diffusion?

A

facilitated diffusion need a transport protein to go across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

integral membrane proteins that allow water and ions to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do auqaporins transport?

A

water—type of channel protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Are ion channels open usually?

A

No they are gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What states are gated channels?

A

open, closed, or intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

channel and carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does it mean when the carrier protein can become saturated?

A

too many solute molecules to transport or not enough carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does it mean when the carrier protein can become saturated?

A

too many solute molecules to transport or not enough carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does change in conformation mean?

A

change of shape of the protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does simple diffusion depend on?

A

molecular size and lipid solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which are permeable to the cell membrane?

A

gases, small uncharged polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are not permeable to the cell membrane?

A

large uncharged polar molecules, ions, charged polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

passive water transport

43
Q

What does osmosis depend on?

A

concentration gradients

high to low

44
Q

What are the physical effects of osmosis?

A

cells will swell, burst, shrink, and shrivel up

45
Q

What is used as a counteraction to the movement of osmosis?

A

energy by animal cells

46
Q

Osmosis of solutes concentration gradient?

A

low to high concentration of solutes

47
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

force needed to stop osmotic flow

48
Q

Cells in hypotonic solution reacts like?

A

water moves into cell causing cell to swell

49
Q

What type of solution should animal cells be kept in?

A

isotonic

50
Q

What is tonicity?

A

property of a solution with respect to a membrane

51
Q

Cells in a hypertonic solution react like?

A

shrink as water leaves the cell

52
Q

What type of solution should plant cells be kept in?

A

hypotonic

53
Q

What is a plant cell in an isotonic cells called?

A

flaccid cell

54
Q

What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic cells?

A

cell body shrinks away from the cell wall

55
Q

What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic cells?

A

cell body shrinks away from the cell wall

56
Q

How do organisms maintain osmotic balance?

A

contractile vacuoles (eject water) and plants use turgor pressure to keep cell rigid

57
Q

What are the 3 main functions of active transport?

A

taking up essential nutrients even when it goes against the concentration gradient, removal of waster against the concentration gradient, maintain of intracellular ion concentration (H,Na,K,Ca)

58
Q

What is membrane potentail?

A

electrical charge (voltage) different across the plasma membrane

59
Q

What do the active transport ions contribute to?

A

membrane potential

60
Q

What are some applications of membrane potentail?

A

neurons and muscle cells

61
Q

Which bond is broken in ATP during primary active transport?

A

the first phosphate bond

62
Q

What is secondary active transport indirectly driven by?

A

ATP hydrolysis….use favorable concentration gradient created by primary active transport

63
Q

What type of protein do primary active transport use?

A

carrier

64
Q

What ions are moved in a sodium-potassium pump?

A

moves 3 Na ions out and brings 2 K into the cell

65
Q

What type of transport is a sodium-potassium pump?

A

primary active transport

66
Q

What type of transport is a sodium-potassium pump?

A

primary active transport

67
Q

What is the bilayer slightly permeable to?

A

water and urea

68
Q

When is a cell isotonic?

A

concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside of the cell

69
Q

What ion do animal cell need to actively transport across the membrane to keep it in an isotonic state?

A

Na+

70
Q

Where do the positive charges accumulate on the cell during primary active transport?

A

outside the membrane

71
Q

Where do the negative charges accumulate on the cell during primary active transport?

A

inside the membrane

72
Q

What is membrane potential difference in primary active transport?

A

-50 to -200 mV

73
Q

What type of gradient does primary active transport create?

A

electrochemical gradient—-form of potential energy

74
Q

What type of protein does a sodium potassium pump use?

A

carrier

75
Q

What does inward facing conformation mean?

A

facing inside the cell

76
Q

In a sodium potassium pump what is broken down and what binds to the pump

A

ATP broken into phosphate and ADP, phosphate group binds to pump

77
Q

Do the sodium and potassium bind to the same place in the pump?

A

No, they have different binding sites

78
Q

What is the release of phosphate called?

A

dephospholayte

79
Q

what is the sequence of a sodium potassium pump?

A

Binding of sodium ions, ATP binds, ATP hydrolysis, phosphate binds to pump, conformation is outward facing, sodium ions are released, potassium ions binds, phosphate is removed (dephosporalyation, pump faces inwards (change in conformation), release potassium, binding of sodium ions

80
Q

Does secondary active transport use an already existing concentration gradient?

A

yes, gradient formed by primary active transport

81
Q

What two molecules are moving in secondary active transport?

A

ion and solute

82
Q

When the ion and solute move in the same direction during secondary active transport called?

A

symport

83
Q

When the ion and solute move in different directions during secondary active transport called?

A

anitport

84
Q

What do type of protein does symport and anitport need?

A

carrier

85
Q

Is a symporter or anitporter used in coupled transport?

A

symporter

86
Q

What happens in glucose-Na symporter?

A

sodium is driving ion, and glucose is the transported against a concentrated gradient

87
Q

Does the transport ion always move with or against the gradient?

A

against

88
Q

What are the 2 types of endocytosis?

A

non-specific endocytosis and specific endocytosisi

89
Q

What can non-specific endocytosis also be called?

A

bulk endocytosis

90
Q

Which type of endocytosis does pinocytosis fall under?

A

non-specific endocytosis

91
Q

What can specific endocytosis also be called?

A

receptor -mediated endocytosis

92
Q

What type of vesicles are involved in endocytosis

A

endocyticvesicles

93
Q

Where do endocytic vesicles go after entering the cell?

A

lysosome, to be broken down

94
Q

In receptor-meditate endocytosis what is the depression in the plasma membrane that holds the target molecules called?

A

coated pit

95
Q

In receptor-meditate endocytosis, what is the protein coat that reinforces the cytoplasmic side called?

A

clathrin

96
Q

What happens in receptor-meditate endocytosis?

A

target molecules are bound to receptors (integral proteins) and brought into the cell

97
Q

What can perform phagocytosis on large protist such as amoeba, or whole cells

A

phagocytes

98
Q

What does mutations in the aquaporin gene result in?

A

cannot make concentrated urine

99
Q

What type of protein in a Human Aquaporin-1 gene?

A

channel protein

100
Q

What affinity does the inward facing phosphorylation have?

A

Na

101
Q

What affinity does the outward facing phosphorylation have?

A

K

102
Q

What affinity does the outward facing dephosphorylation have?

A

K

103
Q

What affinity does the inward facing dephosphorylation have?

A

Na

104
Q

Does the driving ion always move with or against the gradient?

A

with

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions