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Biology 2311 > Chapter 15-PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 15-PowerPoint Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did the early ideas to explain how genes work

come from?

A

studying human diseases

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2
Q

What did Archibald Garrod do/experiment?

A
  • Recognized that alkaptonuria is inherited via a recessive allele
  • Proposed that patients with the disease lacked a particular enzyme
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3
Q

What was the significance of Archibald Garrod experiment?

A

connected genes to enzymes

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4
Q

When did Archibald Garrod do his experiment?

A

1902

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5
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

metabolic disease Characterized by hardening and blackening of the cartilage and urine that
turns black when exposed to air.

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6
Q

What is alkaptonuria caused by?

A

two mutated copies of a gene that normally encodes the
enzyme that breaks down homogentisic acid; these mutated versions are either not produced or produced only at low levels.

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7
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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8
Q

Who gave the name to the central dogma? when?

A

Francis Crick in 1956

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9
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA template strand is copied into a

complementary RNA strand

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10
Q

What is translation?

A

uses the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide

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11
Q

What type of cells does coupling of transcription and translation occur in?

A

prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

transcription nuc—exist nuc pores, translation occurs in cytoplasm at ribosomes

A

eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What happens to precursor m-RNA?

A

Pre-mRNA ends are modified and extra segments (entrons—non coding regions) are
removed by RNA processing – functional mRNA exits
the nucleus and is translated in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What are the extra non coding region on precursor-mRNA called?

A

entrons

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15
Q

What replaces T in RNA?

A

U

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16
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm at ribosomes

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18
Q

Which type of cells produces a functional mRNA directly, with no modifications?

A

prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

What is a codon?

A

three-letter word (triplet) of the code

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20
Q

How many strands of DNA are chosen for transcription?

A

1

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21
Q

How many strands of DNA are chosen for replication?

A

2

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22
Q

What makes RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

Does RNA require free 3’ hydroxyl end?

A

no

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24
Q

Is RNA still anti-parallel?

A

yes

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25
Q

What direction is RNA? what is this similar to?

A

5’ to 3’ , same as DNA

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26
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG, Met

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27
Q

Do the base pairs before AUG matter?

A

no

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28
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA decoded to make proteins

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29
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

ribosomes contain this

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30
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

brings in amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

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31
Q

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

part of a complex involved in removing uncoding regions/entrons

32
Q

Signal recognition particle RNA

A

SRP RNA

33
Q

Micro-RNA (miRNA)

A

small stretches of RNA, anti-sense (can bind to mRNA and are complementary sequences to mRNA)

34
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

35
Q

How many sense codons are there?

A

61

36
Q

What are sense codons?

A

codons that specify an amino acid

37
Q

What are the stop codons? (3)

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

38
Q

Which amino acids only have one codon? (2)

A

methionine and tryptophan

39
Q

What is degeneracy?

A

amino acids that can be represented by more than one codon

40
Q

What does it mean when the genetic code is commales?

A

there are no indicators to mark the end of one codon and the beginning of the next

41
Q

What is the genetic code universal to?

A

all living organisms and viruses

42
Q

What are the 2 man components of a gene?

A

Promoter and Transcription unit

43
Q

What is a promoter?

A

control sequence for transcription

44
Q

What is the transcription unit?

A

section of the gene that is copied into an RNA

molecule

45
Q

What are the 3 stages of transcription?

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
46
Q

What type of polymerase is in prokaryotic transcription?

A

single RNA polymerase, one type not one copy

47
Q

Does Initiation of mRNA synthesis require a primer in prokaryotic transcription?

A

no

48
Q

What does prokaryotic transcription require? (3)

A
  • promoter
  • start site
  • termination site
49
Q

What is required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotic?

A

series of transcription factors

• Necessary to get the RNA polymerase II
enzyme to a promoter and to initiate gene
expression
• Interact with RNA polymerase to form
initiation complex at promoter
50
Q

What are the 3 qualities of RNA polymerase?

A

1) 5’—>3’
2) doesn’t require primer
3) RNA is anti-parallel to template strand

51
Q

What does RNA pol 1 transcribe?

A

rRNAs

52
Q

What does gene expression refer to?

A

transcription and translation

53
Q

What does RNA pol 2 transcribe?

A

mRNAs

54
Q

What does RNA pol 3 transcribe?

A

tRNAs

55
Q

Where does the initiation complex form in eukaryotic cells?

A

promoter

56
Q

Does Each polymerase recognizes a different promoter structure?

A

yes

57
Q

Are mRNAs are modified after transcription?

A

yes

58
Q

Are mRNAs are modified after transcription?

A

yes

59
Q

Are RNA molecules are single or double polynucleotide chains?

A

single

60
Q

What is involved in processing?

A

1) 5’ cap added
2) Poly A tail added to the end of the mRNA
3) splicing to remove non-coding regions

61
Q

What is copied in transcription?

A

Only the sequence encoding a single gene is copied

62
Q

• In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II cannot bind directly to DNA, transcription
factors must first bind to the promoter – in bacteria, RNA polymerase binds
directly to DNA
• Termination in Prokaryotes is caused by the formation of the hairpin loop. This
stretch of A-U base pairing makes the RNA-DNA hybrid less stable and it falls
off the enzyme.
• In Eukaryotes, the end of transcription is not defined by RNA polymerase since
the transcript undergoes modification – capping at the 5’ end and addition of
the poly-A tail at the 3’end.

A

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription

63
Q

What is required to allow recognition of state site in prokaryotes?

A

single factor called sigma subunit

64
Q

What is required to allow recognition of state site in eukaryotes?

A

whole host of transcription factors

65
Q

What are the 2 subunits of a ribosome?

A

large and small subunit

66
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

67
Q

What are peptide bonds formed by?

A

ribozymes

68
Q

peptidyl transfase

A

large subunit

69
Q

alpha, beta, delta, omicorn

A

varient names

70
Q

differences between delta and omicorn?

A

number of mutations in spike protein difference

71
Q

Where are the spike proteins located?

A

nuclear envelope

72
Q

What is the genetic material in the virus?

A

RNA

73
Q

omicorn spike mutation has 50 mutations

delta spike mutation has greater than 20 mutations

A

yes

74
Q

How many deaths from the flu occur every year?

A

37,000

75
Q

How do they differentiate the variants of COVID?

A

sequencing the genome

76
Q

Was omicron present before delta came along?

A

yes

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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