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Biology 2311 > Chapter 4-Powerpoint Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 4-Powerpoint Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

When and who discovered cells?

A

in 1665 by Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
3) Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell

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3
Q

How do some cells increase surface area?

A

extensions or folds

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4
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission and scanning types

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5
Q

Why is it hard for water soluble ions to go through the plasma membrane?

A

b/c membrane is made of a hydrophobic bilayer

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6
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain?

A

cytosol and cytoskeleton

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7
Q

What does the cytosol contain?

A

ions, various organic molecules, and organelles

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8
Q

What help maintain a cell’s shape and plays a role in chromosome segregation?

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

What domains are Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Arcaea

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10
Q

What domain are Eukaryotes?

A

Eukarya

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11
Q

Where is the genetic information stored in a prokaryote?

A

nucleoid, single and circular molecule called plasmids

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12
Q

Where is the genetic information stored in a eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

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13
Q

sugars that coat a cell wall of a prokaryotes

A

glycocalyx

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14
Q

loosely attached glycocalyx

A

slime layer

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15
Q

firmly attached glycocalyx

A

capsule

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16
Q

Where is ATP synthesized in prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

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17
Q

What is the role of pili?

A

attach the cell to surfaces of other cells

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18
Q

What are the three shapes of prokaryotes?

A

spherical, rodlike, and spiral

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19
Q

What carries DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm?

A

mRNA

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20
Q

Differences in organelles between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells contain chloroplasts, vacuoles, and a cell wall outside the cell membrane

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21
Q

In cell fractionation, what order do things participate out in?

A

whole cells, cell fragments, nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts, ribosomes and proteins and nucleic acids

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22
Q

How many nucleus do most eukaryotic cells possess?

A

1

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23
Q

Where does ribosomal RNA synthesis take place?

A

Nucleous

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24
Q

Where are ribosomal subunits formed

A

Nucleous

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25
Q

where do molecules enter and exit out of the nucleus?

A

nuclear pores

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26
Q

How many phospholipid bilayers are in the nuclear envelope?

A

2

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27
Q

What is the protein structural layer in the nucleus?

A

nuclear lamina

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28
Q

What shape is DNA in eukaryotes?

A

linear

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29
Q

What is the liquid in the nucleus?

A

nucleoplasm

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30
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Combo of DNA and protiens

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31
Q

What helps proteins get where they need to go?

A

nuclear localization signal

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32
Q

What subunits are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?

A

small and large

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33
Q

What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and protiens

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34
Q

Where are eukaryotic ribosomes located?

A

cytosol and some are attached to membranes

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35
Q

What are small membrane-bound sacs that transfer substances between parts of the system?

A

vesicles

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the endomembrane system?

A

dividing the cell into compartments

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37
Q

What is included in the endomembrane system?

A

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane

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38
Q

what is the cisterna formed by?

A

a single membrane that surrounds an enclosed space (ER lumen)

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39
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth ER and Rough ER

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40
Q

Which ER has ribosomes on the outer sufarce?

A

Rough ER

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41
Q

where do proteins fold into their final form?

A

rough ER

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42
Q

What happens in the rough ER

A

proteins fold into their final form, chemical modification, delivered to other region in vesicles that pinch off

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43
Q

What happens in the smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis (phospholipid membranes) and hormone synthesis

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44
Q

What does the smooth ER in the liver do?

A

detoxify harmful substances

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45
Q

What are the golgi networks?

A

cis-, medial-, trans-

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46
Q

Where do proteins enter on the Golgi apparatus?

A

cis face

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47
Q

Where do the proteins bud off from on the Golgi apparatus?

A

trans face

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48
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

distribution of molecules, formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids, final protein folding, stores secreted material

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49
Q

What are proteins that are to be secreted transported in?

A

secretory vesicles

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50
Q

How do cells get rid of material?

A

exocytosis—secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release its contents

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51
Q

How many bilayers do lysosomes have?

A

1

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52
Q

Are lysosomes found in plants and animals?

A

no, just animals

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53
Q

Where are lysosomes made?

A

trans-Golgi network

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54
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

digest/remove substances via acidic environment

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55
Q

What is the process of destroying foreign matter or cells?

A

phagocytosis

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56
Q

What is destroying organelles?

A

autophagy

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57
Q

How do cells bring materials into it?

A

endocytosis

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58
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Where foreign soluble material is digested in the lysosome

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59
Q

What is the pathway to excrete material?

A

Rough ER (lumen), transport vesicles, Golgi, secretary vesicles, plasma membrane

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60
Q

What is invagination?

A

when the budding of vesicles becomes larger

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61
Q

Why do we need to coat and uncoat the vesicles?

A

The coating determines the direction of movement of the vesicle. It can only fuse with membrane when it uncoats

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62
Q

What is produced by peroxisomes?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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63
Q

What makes hydrogen peroxide harmless?

A

catalase—only exists in peroxisomes

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64
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes

A

single bilayer membrane vesicles

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65
Q

Which 2 organelles have their own DNA

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

66
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2 phospholipid bilyaers

67
Q

How do mitochondria increase the surface area?

A

colds called cristae

68
Q

What is the innermost compartment of mitochondria?

A

matrix

69
Q

What is contained in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

DNA, ribosomes, and other components

70
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

In matrix and cristae of mitochondria

71
Q

What type of membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

double

72
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

An ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed and ancient aerobic prokaryotic cell= mitochondria. in an animal cell.

Symbiotic relationship

73
Q

Did animal or plant cells come first?

A

animal as seen in endosymbiotic theroy

74
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do?

A

maintain shape, internal organization, movement

75
Q

What two types of tubulin are there? —microtubules

A

alpha and beta—-added in a pattern (A,B,A,B,…)

76
Q

How do tubulin filaments grow and decrease in length?

A

removal or addition of dimers called polymerization and depolymerization

77
Q

Where are intermediate filaments job?

A

support internal structure of cell

78
Q

How big are the largest microtubules?

A

25nm in diameter

79
Q

Where do microtubules radiate from?

A

centersome—-aster like star

80
Q

What are the centriole formed from?

A

micortubules

81
Q

Orientation of centriole?

A

perpendicular

82
Q

Shape of centriole?

A

barell shape

83
Q

What does dyneins do?

A

motor protein carries cargo from outer edge of cell to center

84
Q

What does kinesins do?

A

motor protein carries cargo from center of cell to out edge

85
Q

How do vesicles move?

A

the motor proteins have two “feet” and walk along microtubules

86
Q

Structure of intermediate filaments

A

parallel bundles

87
Q

How thick are microfilaments?

A

7nm in diameter

88
Q

What type of polarity do microfilaments have?

A

plus and minus end

89
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming

A

transports stuff and is responsible for ameobiod movement

90
Q

Where do flagella and cilia arise from?

A

centrioles

91
Q

How are flagella and cila different?

A

cilia are shorter

92
Q

Structure of flagella and cilia?

A

9+2 complex

93
Q

How do flagella move?

A

s-shaped wave

94
Q

How do cilia move?

A

power and recovery stroke. like rowing a boat

95
Q

What is the waving and bending mechanism?

A

in cilia and flagella dynein motor proteins slide the microtubule doublets over each other

96
Q

How is DNA organized in a eukaryotic cell?

A

chromosomes

97
Q

Which end do you add dimers to microtubles?

A

plus end

98
Q

Which end do you remove dimers from imcrotubules?

A

minus end

99
Q

What bonds are responsible in tertiary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, an der Waals interactions

100
Q

What does tertiary structure determine?

A

function and solubility

101
Q

What did the Anfinsen Experiment determine?

A

primary structure determines secondary and tertiary structure—-which is why the protein was able to renature

102
Q

Do pili exist on eukaryotes and prokayotes?

A

No, just prokaryotes

103
Q

Do flagella exist on eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

yes, they exist on both

104
Q

Do cilia exist on eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

No, just eukaryotes

105
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

actin subunits

106
Q

Do chloroplasts also occur in algal protists

A

yes

107
Q

What are the three things under plastids?

A

chloroplasts, amylopasts, chromoplasts

108
Q

Which are yellow-green plastids?

A

chloroplasts

109
Q

What are colorless plastids that store starch?

A

amyloplasts

110
Q

Which are colored plastids that are responsible for ripening>

A

chromoplasts

111
Q

Do all plastids contain DNA?

A

yes

112
Q

What types of membranes are in a chloroplasts?

A

inner and outer boundary membranes

113
Q

What is the equivalents of stroma in chloroplasts?

A

matirx

114
Q

What is chlorophyll stored?

A

thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

115
Q

How much space does the central vacuole occupy?

A

90% or more

116
Q

Function of central vaucole?

A

storage, breakdown enzymes, contain molecules that provide chemical defense

117
Q

Membrane that srrounds central vacuole?

A

tonoplast

118
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

119
Q

What is cellulose made of? linkage?

A

beta glucose, beta (1,4) linkage

120
Q

Structure of cell wall?

A

primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and middle lamella

121
Q

How is the primary cell wall different that the secondary cell wall?

A

secondary cell wall has more layers of cellulose and branched carbohydrates

122
Q

What is ligin and where is it found?

A

reinforces secondary walls in woody plants

123
Q

What is the middle lamella

A

hold primary and secondary walls via pectin

124
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

communication junctions in plant cells

allow ions and molecules to move directly from one cell to another through via cytosol

125
Q

Where are plasmodesmata located?

A

primary and secondary cell walls

126
Q

What are the three animal cell surfaces specailized structures?

A

cell adhesion molecures, cell junctions, extracellular matrix

127
Q

What do cell adhesion molecues do?

A

bind cells together

128
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

seal spaces between cells and allow for communication

129
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules made of?

A

glycoprotiens in the plasma membrane

130
Q

What happens to cancer cells in cell adhesion moelcues?

A

they lose thier adhesion allowing them to travel to new locations

131
Q

What happens to cancer cells in cell adhesion moelcues?

A

they lose their adhesion allowing them to travel to new locations

132
Q

what are anchrogin junctions?

A

weld adjacent cells together

133
Q

What are desomosomes?

A

anchoring junctions with intermediate fillaments that anchor juntion in underlying cytoplasms

134
Q

What are desomosomes?

A

anchoring junctions with intermediate filaments that anchor junction in underlying cytoplasms

135
Q

What are adherens junctions?

A

microfilaments are the anchoring cytosletal component

136
Q

How are tight junctions formed?

A

direct fusion of proteins on the outer surfaces of plasma membranes of adjacent cells

137
Q

What is the outer suface called?

A

apical surface

138
Q

What is the outer surface called?

A

apical surface

139
Q

What are all junctions made of?

A

protiens

140
Q

What is the channel between the gap junction called?

A

connexon

141
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

open channels that allow ion and molecules to transfer between cells

142
Q

What does the ECM contain?

A

proteins and polysaccarides

143
Q

What is the function of ECM?

A

cell adhesion, etc

144
Q

Where are integrins located?

A

plasma membrane

145
Q

What are the main component of ECM

A

glycoprotiens

146
Q

What is the most common glycoprotein in animal cells?

A

collagen

147
Q

What are fibronectins?

A

bind to receptor proteins (integrins) in the plasma membrane, which bind to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

glycoproteins in the ECM

148
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

that surrounds the collagen fibers - In bone, the network is impregnated with mineral crystals, producing a structure that is dense and hard, yet elastic

protein bound to lot of sugar residues, determines consistency of ECM

149
Q

What are anchoring junctions made of?

A

desmosomes

150
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

grana

151
Q

What do dyneins and kinesisn push/pull agains?

A

microtubles

152
Q

What do myosins push/pull against?

A

microfilaments

153
Q

What are plant gap junctions?

A

plasmodesmata

154
Q

What type of junctions cover internal organs?

A

tight junctions

155
Q

What are integrins?

A

Receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane

Bind microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

156
Q

What links the ECM to the cytoskeleton?

A

fibronectins and integrins

157
Q

In the Frye-Edidin Experiment was were the Human cell anti-bodies color?

A

red

158
Q

In the Frye-Edidin Experiment was were the mouse cell anti-bodies color?

A

green

159
Q

What does “fluid” refer to the in the Fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipids

160
Q

Which filament type is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm during the cytokinesis part of cell division?

A

microfilaments

161
Q

What does two cysteine create?

A

cystine

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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