DNA & Cell Cycle

Question 1

interphase

Answer 1

the longest part of a cell’s life - the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA (G1+S+G2)

Question 2

G1 & G2

Answer 2

cell growth & copies organelles

Question 3

S1

Answer 3

synthesis of DNA

Question 4

mitosis

Answer 4

the nucleus divides

Question 5

prophase

Answer 5

DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears

Question 6

metaphase

Answer 6

chromosomes line up in the center

Question 7

anaphase

Answer 7

chromosomes are separated to opposite poles of the cell

Question 8

telophase

Answer 8

two new nuclei are created

Question 9

cytokinesis

Answer 9

the cell completely divides into two daughter cells, the cytoplasm divides

Question 10

cancer

Answer 10

disruptions in the cell cycle are when the cell loses control of cell division & cannot stop dividing – results in abnormal cell growth called tumors = cancer

Question 11

mitosis

Answer 11

creates body cells (2 daughter cells)

Question 12

meiosis

Answer 12

creates sex gametes (sperm & egg) [single cell divides twice, produces 4 cells with half of the genetic info]

Question 13

how many divisions does mitosis have?

Answer 13

1

Question 14

how many divisions does meiosis have?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

how many daughter cells does mitosis result in & are they identical or unique?

Answer 15

2 identical daughter cells

Question 16

how many daughter cells does meiosis result in & are they identical or unique?

Answer 16

4 unique daughter cells

Question 17

what type of reproduction does mitosis go thru?

Answer 17

asexual

Question 18

what type of reproduction does meiosis go thru?

Answer 18

sexual

Question 19

things that occur that cause genetic variation

Answer 19

crossing over, segregation of alleles, independent assortment

Question 20

segregation of alleles

Answer 20

alleles separate & move into a different haploid gamete sex cell

Question 21

independent assortment

Answer 21

traits don’t follow each other, they move independently

Question 22

DNA structure

Answer 22

double helix, anti-parallel strands, backbone = sugar & phosphate, steps = paired bases

Question 23

cell cycle has

Answer 23

regulated cell growth, replication & division

Question 24

G0

Answer 24

the resting phase where cells convert glucose to ATP, make proteins & other general processes

Question 25

mutations

Answer 25

mistakes in chromosomes & changes in DNA cause mutations

Question 26

checkpoint

Answer 26

where the DNA is checked & the cell cycle can be stopped

Question 27

how many chromosomes do body cells have

Answer 27

46

Question 28

how many chromosomes do sex cells have

Answer 28

23

Question 29

does mitosis or meiosis cause genetic variation

Answer 29

meiosis

Question 30

purpose of mitosis

Answer 30

growth & repair

Question 31

purpose of meiosis

Answer 31

sexual reproduction

Question 32

point mutation

Answer 32

where one nucleotide is changed so only one amino acid may be affected

Question 33

substitution

Answer 33

one nucleotide takes the place of another in the sequence & can either result in a change or no change

Question 34

frameshift mutation

Answer 34

Where a nucleotide is deleted or inserted into the DNA, shifting everything up or down. Shifts or changes the way a DNA sequence is read and transcribed. Changes the amino acid sequence starting from the mutation point. Protein is usually non-functional (doesn’t work)

Question 35

insertion

Answer 35

when a base is added

Question 36

deletion

Answer 36

when a base is removed

Question 37

what causes chromosomal mutations

Answer 37

problems that occur during meiosis, mutagens (chemicals, radiation, UV, etc)

Question 38

what are the results of chromosomal mutations

Answer 38

change in # of chromosomes in a cell, change in the structure of the chromosome, affects entire chromosome & protein production

Question 39

translocation

Answer 39

when a portion of one chromosome is transported to another chromosome

Question 40

nondisjunction

Answer 40

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. It produces individuals with either extra or missing chromosomes