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biology > DNA & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

DNA & Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

interphase

A

the longest part of a cell’s life - the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA (G1+S+G2)

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2
Q

G1 & G2

A

cell growth & copies organelles

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3
Q

S1

A

synthesis of DNA

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4
Q

mitosis

A

the nucleus divides

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5
Q

prophase

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears

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6
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the center

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7
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are separated to opposite poles of the cell

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8
Q

telophase

A

two new nuclei are created

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9
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cell completely divides into two daughter cells, the cytoplasm divides

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10
Q

cancer

A

disruptions in the cell cycle are when the cell loses control of cell division & cannot stop dividing – results in abnormal cell growth called tumors = cancer

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11
Q

mitosis

A

creates body cells (2 daughter cells)

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12
Q

meiosis

A

creates sex gametes (sperm & egg) [single cell divides twice, produces 4 cells with half of the genetic info]

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13
Q

how many divisions does mitosis have?

A

1

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14
Q

how many divisions does meiosis have?

A

2

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15
Q

how many daughter cells does mitosis result in & are they identical or unique?

A

2 identical daughter cells

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16
Q

how many daughter cells does meiosis result in & are they identical or unique?

A

4 unique daughter cells

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17
Q

what type of reproduction does mitosis go thru?

A

asexual

18
Q

what type of reproduction does meiosis go thru?

A

sexual

19
Q

things that occur that cause genetic variation

A

crossing over, segregation of alleles, independent assortment

20
Q

segregation of alleles

A

alleles separate & move into a different haploid gamete sex cell

21
Q

independent assortment

A

traits don’t follow each other, they move independently

22
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix, anti-parallel strands, backbone = sugar & phosphate, steps = paired bases

23
Q

cell cycle has

A

regulated cell growth, replication & division

24
Q

G0

A

the resting phase where cells convert glucose to ATP, make proteins & other general processes

25
Q

mutations

A

mistakes in chromosomes & changes in DNA cause mutations

26
Q

checkpoint

A

where the DNA is checked & the cell cycle can be stopped

27
Q

how many chromosomes do body cells have

A

46

28
Q

how many chromosomes do sex cells have

A

23

29
Q

does mitosis or meiosis cause genetic variation

A

meiosis

30
Q

purpose of mitosis

A

growth & repair

31
Q

purpose of meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

32
Q

point mutation

A

where one nucleotide is changed so only one amino acid may be affected

33
Q

substitution

A

one nucleotide takes the place of another in the sequence & can either result in a change or no change

34
Q

frameshift mutation

A

Where a nucleotide is deleted or inserted into the DNA, shifting everything up or down. Shifts or changes the way a DNA sequence is read and transcribed. Changes the amino acid sequence starting from the mutation point. Protein is usually non-functional (doesn’t work)

35
Q

insertion

A

when a base is added

36
Q

deletion

A

when a base is removed

37
Q

what causes chromosomal mutations

A

problems that occur during meiosis, mutagens (chemicals, radiation, UV, etc)

38
Q

what are the results of chromosomal mutations

A

change in # of chromosomes in a cell, change in the structure of the chromosome, affects entire chromosome & protein production

39
Q

translocation

A

when a portion of one chromosome is transported to another chromosome

40
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. It produces individuals with either extra or missing chromosomes

biology (9 decks)

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