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biology > cell structures & functions > Flashcards

cell structures & functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the smallest units of life

A

cells

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2
Q

what are the 4 features both prokaryotes & eukaryotes have

A

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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3
Q

prokaryotes

A

no nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles, unicellular, simple

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4
Q

eukaryotes

A

has nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, multicellular) but some uni), complex

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

occurs in plant cells, takes place in chloroplast

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6
Q

photosynthesis reactants & products

A

water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = glucose & oxygen

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7
Q

cellular respiration

A

occurs in plant & animal cells, takes place in mitochondria

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8
Q

cellular respiration reactants & products

A

glucose + oxygen = water, carbon dioxide & ATP

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9
Q

active transport

A

sodium/potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

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10
Q

active transport definition

A

moves molecules in & out of the cell using a protein pump in the cell membrane (USES ENERGY)

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11
Q

endocytosis definition

A

cell membrane eats/ingests foods or liquids into the cell

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12
Q

exocytosis definition

A

a cell releases a substance like hormones or wastes through the cell membrane

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13
Q

Passive transport

A

does not require energy - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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14
Q

diffusion meaning

A

movement of small molecules from area of high to low concentration

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15
Q

facilitated diffusion meaning

A

uses protein channels to move larger molecules that cannot pass thru the cell membrane, does not need energy

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16
Q

osmosis meaning

A

movement of WATER ONLY across cell membranes of cells (does not need energy)

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17
Q

what energy molecule do cells use

A

ATP [adenosine triphosphate - contains 3 phosphates]

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18
Q

what bond stores the most energy in ATP

A

the bond between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate

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19
Q

what molecule is formed when a phosphate is released from ATP

A

ADP [adenosine diphosphate - has 2 phosphates]

20
Q

when the cell has energy available from food, what can happen?

A

When the cell has energy available from food, it can store energy in the bond by adding a third phosphate to ADP to create ATP

21
Q

does ATP or ADP have the most energy?

A

ATP

22
Q

in bacteria cells, where does cellular respiration take place

A

cytoplasm

23
Q

2 steps of cellular respiration

A

glycosis & krebs cycle

24
Q

does glycosis require oxygen

A

no

25
Q

if oxygen is present, what is the next step after glycosis

A

cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)

26
Q

if oxygen is not present, what is the next step after glycosis

A

fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

27
Q

what is the difference between cellular respiration & fermentation in regards to production of ATP

A

cellular respiration makes 36 ATP & fermentation makes 2 ATP

28
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

Lactic acid (happens in muscles) & alcoholic (bacteria & yeast) fermentation

29
Q

disadvantage of fermentation

A

net ATP is much lower when you don’t have oxygen available

30
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells

31
Q

modern cell theory

A

energy flow occurs within cells, DNA is passed on from cell to cell, all cells have the same basic chemical composition

32
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

the explanation for the orgin of eukaryotic cells

33
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA, controls cells’s growth & reproduction, found in animal & plant

34
Q

mitochondria

A

converts energy into usable forms thru cellular respiration, found in animals & plants

35
Q

cell membrane

A

semi-permeable, protects interior of cell, found in animals & plants

36
Q

cell wall

A

provides support & protection, found in plants only

37
Q

chloroplast

A

contains chlorophyll, converts radiant energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis, found only in plants

38
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

manufactures membranes, proteins, carbs, lipids, hormones & transports to other organelles, found in both animals & plants

39
Q

golgi complex

A

manufactures, stores & ships cellular products, found in both animal & plant cells

40
Q

vacuole

A

stores water, nutrietns, and waste, found in both plants & animals, but larger in plants

41
Q

lysosomes

A

sacs of enzymes that digest macromolecules, found in both

42
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, found in both

43
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol & all contents of the cell except the nucleus, cell process occurs here, found in both

44
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration [turgid]

45
Q

hypotonic

A

water comes in, and fills up the cell & about to burst

46
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium, cells are happy

biology (9 decks)

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