DNA Flashcards
What is DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
genes are segments of DNA
DNA twists up to form chromosomes
Found in the nucleus of our cells.
DNA is composed of basic subunits called
nucleotides
The 3 parts of a Nucleotide
deoxyribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
The 4 nitrogen different bases
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
the bonding pattern for the nitrogen bases is
A bonds with T
C bonds with G
the shape of a DNA molecule is a
double helix
sides/backbone of ladder
phosphate (connected by strong and covalent bonds) and sugar
Rungs of ladder
nitrogenous bases (held together by weak hydrogen bonds)
what is the building blocks of a DNA called?
Nucleotide
All organisms contain DNA with the same 4 types of nucleotides. So then how is life all different.
A-T-C-G (GATTACA) Can be rearranged to create different instructions for different traits. Similar to how we can make different words out of our 26 letter alphabet. (DNA IS complementary)
Image of a nucleotide.
How many cells make up a typical human body?
Trillions
Why is having more cells an advantage?
The more cells an organism has the more complex it is.
Not all cells are the same. What are some things that can vary about cells?
Organelles: because they are tiny organs that can perform different jobs in a cell.
What conclusions can you come to from this image?
70% of a cell is made of water
30% contains varying molecules
What is the main way that scientists group cells?
Scientist categorize them by how their genetic material is packaged.
Prokaryotik vs. Euekaryotik
What type of cells are you made of?
Euekaryotic
What cell is this? What is the structure?
this is Skeletal Muscle Cell
Structure -
* long thin shape
*multiple nuclei per cell
*lots of mitochondria
What cell is this? What is the function of this cell?
Function-
*bands contract and stretch to manage the length of the cell.
*Control the many jobs of the long cell.
*Provides a site for energy production.
What is this cell? What is the structure of this cell?
Red blood cell.
*Structure-
*Smooth and round
* Flattened disc shape
*Hemoglobin only
(No nucleus)
What is this cell? What is the function of this cell?
Function -
*Fits through small vessels
*Increases surface area to volume ratio.
*Carries oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
What is this cell? What is the structure of this cell?
Fat cell
Structure-
*Nucleus and other organelles pushed to edges of the cell.
*Cells compacted together
* large vacuole
What is this cell? what is the function of this cell?
Function
*Fat storage takes up most of the cell’s volume
*provides padding and insulation
*Stored fat services as an energy source in times at salvation.
what kind of cell is this? What kind of structure is this?
Plant leaf cell
Structure-
*Rectangular shape chloroplasts found near the edges
*Thick Cell wall
*Vacuole
What kind of cell is this? What is the function?
Function -
*Captures light for photosynthesis
*Gives support
*stores water and keeps plants rigid.
what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?
Plant root cell
Structure -
*hair-like projections extending from the cell wall
*No chloroplasts
*Large vacuole
what kind of this cell? what is the function of this cell?
Function-
*Increase surface area to absorb water and nutrients in the soil.
*Can not absorb sunlight.
*Store nutrients
what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?
Osteocytes
Structure-
*extensions from cell membranes
*Ribosomes
*Golgi apparatus
what cell is this? what is the function of this cell?
Function-
*Communicate by sending chemical messages
*Create and secrete proteins to strengthen the tissue.
*Package minerals and compounds.
what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?
Neuron
Structure-
*synaptic cleft between cells
*cell body with specialized extensions (dendrites and axons)
what kind of cell is this? what is the function of this cell?
function -
*Pass signals to each other
*receives information
*Transmits info to another cell
They are catalysts. They sped up to a rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy.
Enzymes
strengthens cell, tissues, organs and more. Nature can build materials that are very strong.
Structural Proteins
allows cells to communicate with each other. Signals, receptors, and relay proteins. Work together to get information from the outside or a cell to the inside.
Signaling Proteins
These proteins bind DNA to turn genes on and off. The active genes are used to build proteins.
Regulatory Proteins
move molecules and nutrients around the boy in and out of cells.
Transport Proteins
these proteins help us learn about our environment. They help us detect light, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain and heat.
Sensory Proteins
These proteins keep cells moving and changing shape. They also transport components around inside cells.
Motor Proteins
these proteins help organisms fight infection, heal damaged tissue, and evade predators.
Defense Proteins
these proteins store nutrients and use energy-rich molecules for later use.
Storage Proteins
