DNA 2 Flashcards
1
Q
DNA
A
deoxyribonucleic acid\
2
Q
Thynine
A
Nitrogenous base that pairs with Adenine\
3
Q
Hydrogen Bonds
A
weak bonds\
4
Q
Function
A
work or operate in a proper or particular way.
5
Q
Organelle
A
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell\
6
Q
signaling proteins
A
allows cells to communicate with each other\
7
Q
defense protein
A
Help organisms fight infection- heal damaged tissue and evade predators.\
8
Q
Tissue
A
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.\
9
Q
Nucleotide
A
a monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar- a phosphate group- and a nitrogenous base.\
10
Q
Adenine
A
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA\
11
Q
Covalent bonds
A
sharing of electrons\strong bonds
12
Q
Structure
A
The arrangement of parts in an organism\
13
Q
Multicellular
A
made of many cells\
14
Q
regulatory proteins
A
Bind DNA to turn genes on and off\
15
Q
Storage protein
A
Store nutrients and energy-rich molecules for later use.\
16
Q
Organism
A
A living thing\
17
Q
Nitrogen bases
A
The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.\
18
Q
Guanine
A
The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA\
19
Q
Nucleus
A
Center of an cell\
20
Q
Chromosome
A
organized strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus.\
21
Q
Unicellular
A
Made of a single cell\
22
Q
transport proteins
A
move molecules and nutrients around the body and in and out of cells\
23
Q
Monomer
A
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.\
24
Q
Deoxyribose sugar
A
Makes up the backbone of the DNA \
25
Cytosine
The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA\
26
the rungs (inside) of the DNA
nitrogenous bases\
27
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait\
28
Enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. They speed up the rate of chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy.\
29
Sensory protein
Help us learn about our environment. Touch, smell, feel, pain and heat.
30
amino acids
building blocks of proteins\
31
Phosphate
in backbone of DNA\
32
complimentary base pairs
A- T\ C-G
33
the backbone (outside) of the DNA
deoxyribose and phosphate groups\
34
cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living things\
35
structural proteins
strengthen and protect cells and tissues\
36
motor proteins
keeps cells moving and changing shape. They also transport components around inside cells.\
37
Protein
CHON made of amino acids}
38
A gene is a segment of DNA that determines specific traits. Different sequences of DNA determine the different traits.
39
For every one phosphate molecule within a chromosome there are _________ number of nucleotides.
Equal
40
Explain why the locations for the weak hydrogen bonds and the strong covalent bonds help DNA function efficiently.
Strong - Support and protect the DNA Weak - Allows the DNA to be open and used.
41
What molecules make up the backbone in DNA? What is the function of the backbone?
Backbone - Phosphate & Deoxyribose Sugar Function - protect the bases inside it and to prevent them from being damaged by the environment.
42
What would you expect to be similar and different if you compare a chromosome from one human being to the same chromosome from another human.
The structure is similar but the sequence of DNA would be different.
43
Cell Type
Neuron Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein
Important Cell structure and organelles: Cell body specialized extension Functions: Pass signals to each other. Receives information. Transmits to another cell. Type of protein: Signal
44
Red blood cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein
Important Cell Structures and organelles: Hemoglobin only. Smooth and round. Flattened disc Functions: Fits through small vessels. Increases surface to volume ratio. Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Type of protein: Transport
45
Sperm Cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein
Important Cell Structures and organelles: Flattened sack called the Acrosome. Functions: Passes the necessary biological information to produce a new organism. Type of protein: Motor
46
Skeletal Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein
Important Cell Structures and organelles: Long thin shaped. multiple nuclei per cell and lots of mitochondria. Functions: Bands contract and stretch to manage the length of the cell. Provides site for energy production. Type of protein: Motor
47
Plant Leaf Cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein
Important Cell Structures and organelles: Thick cell wall and Vacuole. Chloroplast found near edges Functions: Captures light for photosynthesis. Gives support, stores water, and keeps plant rigid Type of protein: structural and storage
48
What factors determine the structure of a protein?
1. The number of Amino Acids. 2. The type of Amino Acids Present 3. The order of Amino Acids present
49
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 1
Enzymes - They speed up the rate of chemical reaction by reducing activation energy.
50
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 2
Sensory protein - helps us learn about our environment. Touch, smell, feel, pain, and heat.
51
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 3
Motor protein - keeps cell moving and changing shape.
52
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 4
Transport proteins - Move molecules and nutrients around the body and in and out of cells.
53
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 5
Signaling proteins - allows cells to communicate with each other.
54
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 6
Defense proteins - helps organisms fight infection - heal damage tissue and evade predators.
55
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 7
Regulatory proteins - bind DNA to turn genes on and off.
56
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 8
Storage proteins - Store nutrients and energy rich molecules.
57
Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 9
Structural proteins - strengthen and protects cell and tissues.
58
What types of proteins would you expect to find alot of in white blood cells?
Defense proteins and signaling proteins.
59
Explain the role of both DNA and Proteins in Disease.
The DNA codes for specific traits. The proteins help to protect the DNA from Damage. Damaged DNA can cause different types of diseases.
60
Support the following claim: Proteins are the most important type of Macromolecule in an organism. Provide at least 3 lines of evidence as support.
Proteins support the life of a cell. 1. defense: keep invaders away. 2. Transport: brings nutrients to the cell. 3. Signaling: Allows the cells to communicate with each other.
61
would you expect all of the levels of hierarchy to be the same for different types of cells? Explain what could be different.
They all have the levels but they have different amounts of each type.
62
What do you notice about the DNA sequences from the two different cells from person #1?
They are both the same. They have the same genes but the placement is different.
63
how would you describe the structure of a gene?
little parts of DNA on the chromosome
64
How would you describe the function of a gene?
Gene tells what its job is and its purpose.
65
Which gene(s) would be used (need to be on) in the skin cell? Gene 1 (yellow) -produces pigment for skin color Gene 2 (blue) - controls production of acid Gene 3 (Green) - controls the production of mucus Gene4 (red) -controls the number of hair follicles per cell.
Gene 1, Gene 4 (on) Gene 2, Gene 3 (off)
66
which gene(s) would be used (need to be on) in the stomach cell? Gene 1 (yellow) -produces pigment for skin color Gene 2 (blue) - controls production of acid Gene 3 (Green) - controls the production of mucus Gene4 (red) -controls the number of hair follicles per cell.
Gene 2, Gene 3 (on) Gene 1, Gene 4(off)
67
Explain what this chart means DNA\>PROTEIN\>TRAIT
A sequence of DNA specifying the sequence of amino acids of a particular protein involved in the expression of a trait.
68
Same or different genes? Skin color
Different
69
Same or different genes? The production of acid
Same
70
Same or different genes? The controlling of the mucus
Same
71
Same or different genes? Hair follicles
Different
72
Proteins Made up of chains of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Amino acids
73
Proteins we have _____ different amino acids in our body, some our body makes, and some we get through our diet.
20
74
Proteins different combinations of amino acids result in \_\_\_\_\_-
Different proteins
75
Proteins different proteins produced in your cells mean difference in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Physical traits
76
Ribonucleic acid Contains the ____ and the base \_\_\_\_
Sugar ribose; Uracil
77
Ribonucleic acid found in both the ____ (transcription) and in the ______ (translation)
Nucleus; Cytoplasm
78
Ribonucleic Acid Usually is _____ stranded
Single
79
Ribonucleic Acid What is in DNA?
Nucleic acid, double-stranded; deoxyribose, G,A,C,T
80
Ribonucleic Acid What is in RNA?
Nucleic acid, single-stranded, ribose, G,A,C,U
81
Types of RNA Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed _______ to one strand of DNA
Complementary
82
Ribosomal RNA \*Associates with ______ in the cytoplasm
Proteins to form ribosomes
83
Transfer RNA smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that ______ amino acids to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Transport; Ribosome
84
DNA in photosynthesis is in the \_\_\_\_\_
RNA is in the what\_\_\_\_
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
85
Transcription (Part 1 in the nucleus)
Through transcription, the DNA code is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.
86
DNA is ______ in the nucleus _____ binds to a specific section where mRNA will be synthesized (Created)
Unzipped; RNA polymerase
87
mRNA is made from the \_\_\_\_\_
existing DNA strand
88
Transcription
Step 1.
DNA unzips with the help of RNA \_\_\_\_\_\_
Polymerase
89
Transcription
Step 2: RNA bases in the nucleus start \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bonding to their complementary pair
A-U
C-G
\*This only occurs on one side of the DNA that has the gene
90
Transcription
Step 3: The new mRNA molecule ________ and heads out of the nucleus to find a \_\_\_\_\_
breaks off the DNA strand; ribosome
91
Translation:
Translation the mRNA sequence into a _____________ that _____ up into a functional \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A string of amino acids that folds up into a functional protein.
92
The information contained in mRNA is in the form of a triplet code:
The three bases together us called a \_\_\_\_\_
The first codon in every RNA strand is always \_\_\_\_\_
The last codon of every RNA strand is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\*There are several different stop codons.
Codon
AUG
Stop Codon
93
Steps in a translation (cytoplasm)
Step 1-
\_\_\_\_\_\_ enters the cytoplasm from the nucleus and finds a ribosome to link with.
Step 2-
\*The ribosome attached to an AUG (start codon) on mRNA
Step 3-
The first tRNA binds. the tRNA has a _____ which binds to the mRNA codon.
Step 4-
the tRNA binds a
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mRNA
anticodon
a specific amino acid
94
mRNA is made during (transcription/translation)
transcription
95
mRNA is made in the (Cytoplasm/ Nucleus)
Nucleus
96
DNA is located in the (Nucleus/Cytoplasm)
Nucleus
97
(mRNA/DNA) is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.
mRNA
98
(DNA/RNA) uses uracil instead of thymine.
RNA
99
(RNA/amino acids) make up a protein.
Amino acids
100
Transcription takes place in the (Nucleus/ribosome)
Nucleus
101
tRNA is used in (translation/transcription)
Translation
102
Proteins are made at the (nucleus/ribosome)
Ribosome
103
(tRNA/mRNA) attaches the amino acids into a chain
mRNA
104
tRNA is found in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)
Cytoplasm
105
(Translation/Transcription) converts mRNA into a protein.
Translation
106
Translation takes place in the (Cytoplasm/Nucleus)
Cytoplasm
107
(DNA/RNA) can leave the nucleus
RNA
108
(Translation/Transcription) converts DNA into mRNA.
Transcription
109
Ribose Sugar
DNA
RNA
Or Both
RNA
110
Has the most nucleotides in the molecule
DNA
RNA
Or both
DNA
111
Made of nucleotides
DNA
RNA
Or Both
Both DNA and RNA
112
Where does the process of Translation take place
Cytoplasm
113
What molucule unzips the DNA Strand?
RNA Polymerase
114
The correct order of protein synthesis is transcription at the ribosome then translation in the nucleus.
True or False
False
115
Transcription is the process of copying a gene in the nucleus.
True or False
True
116
# Define the following:
DNA –
Nucleotide-
Genetic Code-
DNA- A double-stranded molecule made of nucleotides. Contains the information needed to guide the body while making proteins for specific jobs and traits
Nucleotide- The subunit that makes DNA and RNA. (number 4 in the image)
Genetic Code- The order of DNA nucleotides and thus the A, C, T and G’s will ultimately determine the order of amino acids in proteins. This order results in a specific shape and thus a specific function.
117
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
DNA nucleotides are composed of a sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases: A, T, C, and G.
RNA nucleotides are composed of a sugar called ribose, a phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases: A, U, C, and G.
118
Where do we find hydrogen bonds? Why is the location of the hydrogen bonds important?
Hydrogen bonds hold the strands of the DNA together between the complimentary bases. Hydrogen bonds are a weaker bond. They are easily broken when the DNA unzips. We would not want the DNA to separate anywhere other than in the center. This way the genetic code (the order of bases) stays preserved.
119
What component of the DNA molecule (nitrogen base, sugar, or phosphate) allows variation (gives different traits to different people) within a population? Explain.
The order of DNA nucleotides and thus the A, C, T and G’s will ultimately determine the order of different sequences of amino acids in proteins. The amino acid order results in a specific shape and thus a specific function.
120
Put the following steps of transcription in the correct order from 1 (first) to 4 (last):
\_\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ DNA is unzipped by the RNA Polymerase
\_\_\_\_\_3\_\_\_ mRNA strand is made
\_\_\_\_\_4\_\_\_ mRNA leaves the nucleus
\_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ RNA Polymerase connects to the DNA strand
121
Where does transcription occur in the cell?
Inside the nucleus of the cell.
122
On the image to the right, label the following:
1. DNA Template Strand C
2. Non-Template Strand A
3. RNA Polymerase B
4. mRNA Strand D
123
What is the product (made) in transcription?
mRNA
124
What is the purpose of transcription? (THINK ABOUT: Why do we make mRNA instead of using the original DNA?
DNA needs to be conserved in the nucleus to make new cells. mRNA is just a short segment compared to DNA and it will make traveling to the ribosome much easier. We also only need some of the DNA (genes) in each cell to make proteins.
125
Where does translation occur in the cell?
At the ribosome in the cytoplasm
126
Place the following statements in order from 1 (first) to 4 (last).
\_\_\_\_\_4\_\_\_ The ribosome moves to the next codon
\_\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ The tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the start codon
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ The ribosome attaches to the start codon
\_\_\_\_3\_\_\_ A tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the next codon after the start codon
127
What is the product (made) in translation?
A protein (chain of amino acids)
128
what is the importance of this molecule? What does it do?
The protein is the workhorse of the body. It will become every part of your body. Each protein has a unique structure therefor a unique function. Proteins do all of the jobs required to maintain life!
129
TRANSCRIPTION
Location(s) in the Cell
Is DNA directly involved (yes or no)
Type of RNA involved in the process
What are the bases that pair together?
Nucleus
Yes
mRNA
DNA ATCG
mRNA UAGC
130
TRANSLATION
Location(s) in the Cell
Is DNA directly involved (yes or no)
Type of RNA involved in the process
What are the bases that pair together?
Ribosome/cytoplasm/outside nucleus
No
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
A-U, C-G
131
Explain what happens when a mutation occurs.
A mutation will alter the macromolecule (DNA). A nitrogen base (A, C, T, G) is inserted, deleted or altered (C to G for example)
132
Explain how a mutation could affect each of the following levels of hierarchy. You may choose a specific mutation you are familiar with such as Cystic Fibrosis or sickle cell to help you explain the following outcomes of a mutation:
Protein Structure- The type, order, amount of amino acids can change. This will change the protein structure.
Protein Function- Because the structure is different the function will be different- not allowing the protein to do its intended job.
Cells where the gene is on:
This cell will have incorrect proteins and will not function properly.
Organ where the gene is on: This organ will have the wrong proteins to do its job. A person could die depending on the mutation.
An organism in whom gene is on: The organism with a mutation in a cell that is in an organ that is in an organ system in that organism will not function properly. They will not be able to carry out the jobs that maintain life and eventually the organism will be affected or even pass away.
