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Biology Combined Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

genes are segments of DNA

DNA twists up to form chromosomes

Found in the nucleus of our cells.

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2
Q

DNA is composed of basic subunits called

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

The 3 parts of a Nucleotide

A

deoxyribose

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

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4
Q

The 4 nitrogen different bases

A

adenine

thymine

guanine

cytosine

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5
Q

the bonding pattern for the nitrogen bases is

A

A bonds with T

C bonds with G

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6
Q

the shape of a DNA molecule is a

A

double helix

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7
Q

sides/backbone of ladder

A

phosphate (connected by strong and covalent bonds) and sugar

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8
Q

Rungs of ladder

A

nitrogenous bases (held together by weak hydrogen bonds)

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9
Q

what is the building blocks of a DNA called?

A

Nucleotide

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10
Q

All organisms contain DNA with the same 4 types of nucleotides. So then how is life all different.

A

A-T-C-G (GATTACA) Can be rearranged to create different instructions for different traits. Similar to how we can make different words out of our 26 letter alphabet. (DNA IS complementary)

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11
Q

Image of a nucleotide.

A
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13
Q

How many cells make up a typical human body?

A

Trillions

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14
Q

Why is having more cells an advantage?

A

The more cells an organism has the more complex it is.

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15
Q

What conclusions can you come to from this image?

A

70% of a cell is made of water

30% contains varying molecules

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16
Q

Not all cells are the same. What are some things that can vary about cells?

A

Organelles: because they are tiny organs that can perform different jobs in a cell.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What cell is this? What is the structure?

A

this is Skeletal Muscle Cell

Structure -

* long thin shape

*multiple nuclei per cell

*lots of mitochondria

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20
Q

What cell is this? What is the function of this cell?

A

Function-

*bands contract and stretch to manage the length of the cell.

*Control the many jobs of the long cell.

*Provides a site for energy production.

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21
Q

What is this cell? What is the structure of this cell?

A

Red blood cell.

*Structure-

*Smooth and round

* Flattened disc shape

*Hemoglobin only

(No nucleus)

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22
Q

What is this cell? What is the function of this cell?

A

Function -

*Fits through small vessels

*Increases surface area to volume ratio.

*Carries oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

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23
Q

What is this cell? What is the structure of this cell?

A

Fat cell

Structure-

*Nucleus and other organelles pushed to edges of the cell.

*Cells compacted together

* large vacuole

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24
Q

What is this cell? what is the function of this cell?

A

Function

*Fat storage takes up most of the cell’s volume

*provides padding and insulation

*Stored fat services as an energy source in times at salvation.

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25
Q

what kind of cell is this? What kind of structure is this?

A

Plant leaf cell

Structure-

*Rectangular shape chloroplasts found near the edges

*Thick Cell wall

*Vacuole

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26
Q

What kind of cell is this? What is the function?

A

Function -

*Captures light for photosynthesis

*Gives support

*stores water and keeps plants rigid.

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27
Q

what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?

A

Plant root cell

Structure -

*hair-like projections extending from the cell wall

*No chloroplasts

*Large vacuole

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28
Q

what kind of this cell? what is the function of this cell?

A

Function-

*Increase surface area to absorb water and nutrients in the soil.

*Can not absorb sunlight.

*Store nutrients

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29
Q

what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?

A

Osteocytes

Structure-

*extensions from cell membranes

*Ribosomes

*Golgi apparatus

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30
Q

what cell is this? what is the function of this cell?

A

Function-

*Communicate by sending chemical messages

*Create and secrete proteins to strengthen the tissue.

*Package minerals and compounds.

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31
Q

what kind of cell is this? what is the structure of this cell?

A

Neuron

Structure-

*synaptic cleft between cells

*cell body with specialized extensions (dendrites and axons)

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32
Q

what kind of cell is this? what is the function of this cell?

A

function -

*Pass signals to each other

*receives information

*Transmits info to another cell

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33
Q

What is the main way that scientists group cells?

A

Scientist categorize them by how their genetic material is packaged.

Prokaryotik vs. Euekaryotik

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34
Q

What type of cells are you made of?

A

Euekaryotic

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50
Q

They are catalysts. They sped up to a rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy.

A

Enzymes

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51
Q

strengthens cell, tissues, organs and more. Nature can build materials that are very strong.

A

Structural Proteins

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52
Q

allows cells to communicate with each other. Signals, receptors, and relay proteins. Work together to get information from the outside or a cell to the inside.

A

Signaling Proteins

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53
Q

These proteins bind DNA to turn genes on and off. The active genes are used to build proteins.

A

Regulatory Proteins

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54
Q

move molecules and nutrients around the boy in and out of cells.

A

Transport Proteins

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55
Q

these proteins help us learn about our environment. They help us detect light, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain and heat.

A

Sensory Proteins

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56
Q

These proteins keep cells moving and changing shape. They also transport components around inside cells.

A

Motor Proteins

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57
Q

these proteins help organisms fight infection, heal damaged tissue, and evade predators.

A

Defense Proteins

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58
Q

these proteins store nutrients and use energy-rich molecules for later use.

A

Storage Proteins

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59
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid\

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60
Q

Thynine

A

Nitrogenous base that pairs with Adenine\

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61
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak bonds\

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62
Q

Function

A

work or operate in a proper or particular way.

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63
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell\

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64
Q

signaling proteins

A

allows cells to communicate with each other\

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65
Q

defense protein

A

Help organisms fight infection- heal damaged tissue and evade predators.\

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66
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.\

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67
Q

Nucleotide

A

a monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar- a phosphate group- and a nitrogenous base.\

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68
Q

Adenine

A

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA\

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69
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons\strong bonds

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70
Q

Structure

A

The arrangement of parts in an organism\

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71
Q

Multicellular

A

made of many cells\

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72
Q

regulatory proteins

A

Bind DNA to turn genes on and off\

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73
Q

Storage protein

A

Store nutrients and energy-rich molecules for later use.\

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74
Q

Organism

A

A living thing\

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75
Q

Nitrogen bases

A

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.\

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76
Q

Guanine

A

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA\

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77
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of an cell\

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78
Q

Chromosome

A

organized strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus.\

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79
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of a single cell\

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80
Q

transport proteins

A

move molecules and nutrients around the body and in and out of cells\

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81
Q

Monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.\

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82
Q

Deoxyribose sugar

A

Makes up the backbone of the DNA \

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83
Q

Cytosine

A

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA\

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84
Q

the rungs (inside) of the DNA

A

nitrogenous bases\

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85
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait\

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86
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. They speed up the rate of chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy.\

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87
Q

Sensory protein

A

Help us learn about our environment. Touch, smell, feel, pain and heat.

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88
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins\

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89
Q

Phosphate

A

in backbone of DNA\

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90
Q

complimentary base pairs

A

A- T\ C-G

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91
Q

the backbone (outside) of the DNA

A

deoxyribose and phosphate groups\

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92
Q

cell

A

The basic unit of structure and function in living things\

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93
Q

structural proteins

A

strengthen and protect cells and tissues\

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94
Q

motor proteins

A

keeps cells moving and changing shape. They also transport components around inside cells.\

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95
Q

Protein

A

CHON made of amino acids}

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96
Q
A

A gene is a segment of DNA that determines specific traits. Different sequences of DNA determine the different traits.

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97
Q

For every one phosphate molecule within a chromosome there are _________ number of nucleotides.

A

Equal

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98
Q

Explain why the locations for the weak hydrogen bonds and the strong covalent bonds help DNA function efficiently.

A

Strong - Support and protect the DNA Weak - Allows the DNA to be open and used.

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99
Q

What molecules make up the backbone in DNA? What is the function of the backbone?

A

Backbone - Phosphate & Deoxyribose Sugar Function - protect the bases inside it and to prevent them from being damaged by the environment.

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100
Q

What would you expect to be similar and different if you compare a chromosome from one human being to the same chromosome from another human.

A

The structure is similar but the sequence of DNA would be different.

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101
Q

Cell Type

Neuron Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein

A

Important Cell structure and organelles: Cell body specialized extension Functions: Pass signals to each other. Receives information. Transmits to another cell. Type of protein: Signal

102
Q

Red blood cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein

A

Important Cell Structures and organelles: Hemoglobin only. Smooth and round. Flattened disc Functions: Fits through small vessels. Increases surface to volume ratio. Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Type of protein: Transport

103
Q

Sperm Cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein

A

Important Cell Structures and organelles: Flattened sack called the Acrosome. Functions: Passes the necessary biological information to produce a new organism. Type of protein: Motor

104
Q

Skeletal Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein

A

Important Cell Structures and organelles: Long thin shaped. multiple nuclei per cell and lots of mitochondria. Functions: Bands contract and stretch to manage the length of the cell. Provides site for energy production. Type of protein: Motor

105
Q

Plant Leaf Cell Important Cell Structures and organelles Functions Type of protein

A

Important Cell Structures and organelles: Thick cell wall and Vacuole. Chloroplast found near edges Functions: Captures light for photosynthesis. Gives support, stores water, and keeps plant rigid Type of protein: structural and storage

106
Q

What factors determine the structure of a protein?

A
  1. The number of Amino Acids. 2. The type of Amino Acids Present 3. The order of Amino Acids present
107
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 1

A

Enzymes - They speed up the rate of chemical reaction by reducing activation energy.

108
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 2

A

Sensory protein - helps us learn about our environment. Touch, smell, feel, pain, and heat.

109
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 3

A

Motor protein - keeps cell moving and changing shape.

110
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 4

A

Transport proteins - Move molecules and nutrients around the body and in and out of cells.

111
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 5

A

Signaling proteins - allows cells to communicate with each other.

112
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 6

A

Defense proteins - helps organisms fight infection - heal damage tissue and evade predators.

113
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 7

A

Regulatory proteins - bind DNA to turn genes on and off.

114
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 8

A

Storage proteins - Store nutrients and energy rich molecules.

115
Q

Identify the nine types of proteins and provide a brief explanation for their general function. 9

A

Structural proteins - strengthen and protects cell and tissues.

116
Q

What types of proteins would you expect to find alot of in white blood cells?

A

Defense proteins and signaling proteins.

117
Q

Explain the role of both DNA and Proteins in Disease.

A

The DNA codes for specific traits. The proteins help to protect the DNA from Damage. Damaged DNA can cause different types of diseases.

118
Q

Support the following claim: Proteins are the most important type of Macromolecule in an organism. Provide at least 3 lines of evidence as support.

A

Proteins support the life of a cell. 1. defense: keep invaders away. 2. Transport: brings nutrients to the cell. 3. Signaling: Allows the cells to communicate with each other.

119
Q

would you expect all of the levels of hierarchy to be the same for different types of cells? Explain what could be different.

A

They all have the levels but they have different amounts of each type.

120
Q

What do you notice about the DNA sequences from the two different cells from person #1?

A

They are both the same. They have the same genes but the placement is different.

121
Q

how would you describe the structure of a gene?

A

little parts of DNA on the chromosome

122
Q

How would you describe the function of a gene?

A

Gene tells what its job is and its purpose.

123
Q

Which gene(s) would be used (need to be on) in the skin cell? Gene 1 (yellow) -produces pigment for skin color Gene 2 (blue) - controls production of acid Gene 3 (Green) - controls the production of mucus Gene4 (red) -controls the number of hair follicles per cell.

A

Gene 1, Gene 4 (on) Gene 2, Gene 3 (off)

124
Q

which gene(s) would be used (need to be on) in the stomach cell? Gene 1 (yellow) -produces pigment for skin color Gene 2 (blue) - controls production of acid Gene 3 (Green) - controls the production of mucus Gene4 (red) -controls the number of hair follicles per cell.

A

Gene 2, Gene 3 (on) Gene 1, Gene 4(off)

125
Q

Explain what this chart means DNA>PROTEIN>TRAIT

A

A sequence of DNA specifying the sequence of amino acids of a particular protein involved in the expression of a trait.

126
Q

Same or different genes? Skin color

A

Different

127
Q

Same or different genes? The production of acid

A

Same

128
Q

Same or different genes? The controlling of the mucus

A

Same

129
Q

Same or different genes? Hair follicles

A

Different

130
Q

Proteins Made up of chains of _______

A

Amino acids

131
Q

Proteins we have _____ different amino acids in our body, some our body makes, and some we get through our diet.

A

20

132
Q

Proteins different combinations of amino acids result in _____-

A

Different proteins

133
Q

Proteins different proteins produced in your cells mean difference in ______

A

Physical traits

134
Q

Ribonucleic acid Contains the ____ and the base ____

A

Sugar ribose; Uracil

135
Q

Ribonucleic acid found in both the ____ (transcription) and in the ______ (translation)

A

Nucleus; Cytoplasm

136
Q

Ribonucleic Acid Usually is _____ stranded

A

Single

137
Q

Ribonucleic Acid What is in DNA?

A

Nucleic acid, double-stranded; deoxyribose, G,A,C,T

138
Q

Ribonucleic Acid What is in RNA?

A

Nucleic acid, single-stranded, ribose, G,A,C,U

139
Q

Types of RNA Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed _______ to one strand of DNA

A

Complementary

140
Q

Ribosomal RNA *Associates with ______ in the cytoplasm

A

Proteins to form ribosomes

141
Q

Transfer RNA smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that ______ amino acids to the ______

A

Transport; Ribosome

142
Q

Transcription (Part 1 in the nucleus)

Through transcription, the DNA code is _____________

A

transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.

143
Q

DNA is ______ in the nucleus _____ binds to a specific section where mRNA will be synthesized (Created)

A

Unzipped; RNA polymerase

144
Q

DNA in photosynthesis is in the _____

RNA is in the what____

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

146
Q

mRNA is made from the _____

A

existing DNA strand

147
Q

Transcription

Step 1.

DNA unzips with the help of RNA ______

A

Polymerase

148
Q

Transcription

Step 2: RNA bases in the nucleus start ________________________

A

bonding to their complementary pair

A-U

C-G

*This only occurs on one side of the DNA that has the gene

149
Q

Transcription

Step 3: The new mRNA molecule ________ and heads out of the nucleus to find a _____

A

breaks off the DNA strand; ribosome

150
Q

Translation:

Translation the mRNA sequence into a _____________ that _____ up into a functional _______

A

A string of amino acids that folds up into a functional protein.

151
Q

The information contained in mRNA is in the form of a triplet code:

The three bases together us called a _____

The first codon in every RNA strand is always _____

The last codon of every RNA strand is a __________

*There are several different stop codons.

A

Codon

AUG

Stop Codon

152
Q

Steps in a translation (cytoplasm)

Step 1-

______ enters the cytoplasm from the nucleus and finds a ribosome to link with.

Step 2-

*The ribosome attached to an AUG (start codon) on mRNA

Step 3-

The first tRNA binds. the tRNA has a _____ which binds to the mRNA codon.

Step 4-

the tRNA binds a

____________

A

mRNA

anticodon

a specific amino acid

153
Q

mRNA is made during (transcription/translation)

A

transcription

154
Q

mRNA is made in the (Cytoplasm/ Nucleus)

A

Nucleus

155
Q

DNA is located in the (Nucleus/Cytoplasm)

A

Nucleus

156
Q

(mRNA/DNA) is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.

A

mRNA

157
Q

(DNA/RNA) uses uracil instead of thymine.

A

RNA

158
Q

(RNA/amino acids) make up a protein.

A

Amino acids

159
Q

Transcription takes place in the (Nucleus/ribosome)

A

Nucleus

160
Q

tRNA is used in (translation/transcription)

A

Translation

161
Q

Proteins are made at the (nucleus/ribosome)

A

Ribosome

162
Q

(tRNA/mRNA) attaches the amino acids into a chain

A

mRNA

163
Q

tRNA is found in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)

A

Cytoplasm

164
Q

(Translation/Transcription) converts mRNA into a protein.

A

Translation

165
Q

Translation takes place in the (Cytoplasm/Nucleus)

A

Cytoplasm

166
Q

(DNA/RNA) can leave the nucleus

A

RNA

167
Q

(Translation/Transcription) converts DNA into mRNA.

A

Transcription

168
Q

Ribose Sugar

DNA

RNA

Or Both

A

RNA

169
Q

Has the most nucleotides in the molecule

DNA

RNA

Or both

A

DNA

170
Q

Made of nucleotides

DNA

RNA

Or Both

A

Both DNA and RNA

171
Q

Where does the process of Translation take place

A

Cytoplasm

172
Q

What molucule unzips the DNA Strand?

A

RNA Polymerase

173
Q

The correct order of protein synthesis is transcription at the ribosome then translation in the nucleus.

True or False

A

False

174
Q

Define the following:

DNA –

Nucleotide-

Genetic Code-

A

DNA- A double-stranded molecule made of nucleotides. Contains the information needed to guide the body while making proteins for specific jobs and traits

Nucleotide- The subunit that makes DNA and RNA. (number 4 in the image)

Genetic Code- The order of DNA nucleotides and thus the A, C, T and G’s will ultimately determine the order of amino acids in proteins. This order results in a specific shape and thus a specific function.

175
Q

Transcription is the process of copying a gene in the nucleus.

True or False

A

True

177
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

DNA nucleotides are composed of a sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases: A, T, C, and G.

RNA nucleotides are composed of a sugar called ribose, a phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases: A, U, C, and G.

178
Q

Where do we find hydrogen bonds? Why is the location of the hydrogen bonds important?

A

Hydrogen bonds hold the strands of the DNA together between the complimentary bases. Hydrogen bonds are a weaker bond. They are easily broken when the DNA unzips. We would not want the DNA to separate anywhere other than in the center. This way the genetic code (the order of bases) stays preserved.

179
Q

What component of the DNA molecule (nitrogen base, sugar, or phosphate) allows variation (gives different traits to different people) within a population? Explain.

A

The order of DNA nucleotides and thus the A, C, T and G’s will ultimately determine the order of different sequences of amino acids in proteins. The amino acid order results in a specific shape and thus a specific function.

180
Q

On the image to the right, label the following:

  1. DNA Template Strand C
  2. Non-Template Strand A
  3. RNA Polymerase B
  4. mRNA Strand D
A
181
Q

Put the following steps of transcription in the correct order from 1 (first) to 4 (last):

A

_____2___ DNA is unzipped by the RNA Polymerase

_____3___ mRNA strand is made

_____4___ mRNA leaves the nucleus

_____1___ RNA Polymerase connects to the DNA strand

182
Q

Where does transcription occur in the cell?

A

Inside the nucleus of the cell.

184
Q

What is the product (made) in transcription?

A

mRNA

185
Q

What is the purpose of transcription? (THINK ABOUT: Why do we make mRNA instead of using the original DNA?

A

DNA needs to be conserved in the nucleus to make new cells. mRNA is just a short segment compared to DNA and it will make traveling to the ribosome much easier. We also only need some of the DNA (genes) in each cell to make proteins.

186
Q

Where does translation occur in the cell?

A

At the ribosome in the cytoplasm

187
Q

Place the following statements in order from 1 (first) to 4 (last).

A

_____4___ The ribosome moves to the next codon

_____2___ The tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the start codon

____1___ The ribosome attaches to the start codon

____3___ A tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the next codon after the start codon

188
Q

What is the product (made) in translation?

A

A protein (chain of amino acids)

189
Q

what is the importance of this molecule? What does it do?

A

The protein is the workhorse of the body. It will become every part of your body. Each protein has a unique structure therefor a unique function. Proteins do all of the jobs required to maintain life!

190
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Location(s) in the Cell

Is DNA directly involved (yes or no)

Type of RNA involved in the process

What are the bases that pair together?

A

Nucleus

Yes

mRNA

DNA ATCG

mRNA UAGC

191
Q

TRANSLATION

Location(s) in the Cell

Is DNA directly involved (yes or no)

Type of RNA involved in the process

What are the bases that pair together?

A

Ribosome/cytoplasm/outside nucleus

No

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

A-U, C-G

192
Q

Explain what happens when a mutation occurs.

A

A mutation will alter the macromolecule (DNA). A nitrogen base (A, C, T, G) is inserted, deleted or altered (C to G for example)

193
Q

Explain how a mutation could affect each of the following levels of hierarchy. You may choose a specific mutation you are familiar with such as Cystic Fibrosis or sickle cell to help you explain the following outcomes of a mutation:

Protein Structure- The type, order, amount of amino acids can change. This will change the protein structure.

Protein Function- Because the structure is different the function will be different- not allowing the protein to do its intended job.

Cells where the gene is on:

This cell will have incorrect proteins and will not function properly.

Organ where the gene is on: This organ will have the wrong proteins to do its job. A person could die depending on the mutation.

An organism in whom gene is on: The organism with a mutation in a cell that is in an organ that is in an organ system in that organism will not function properly. They will not be able to carry out the jobs that maintain life and eventually the organism will be affected or even pass away.

A
194
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic that an organism has that is inherited from their parents.

195
Q

Allele

A

a letter used to represent a trait. ex: A or a

196
Q

Dominant Allele

A

shows over the recessive allele Aa, capital letter

197
Q

Recessive allele

A

Does not show over the dominant allele. It is masked. Only will show “aa”

198
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles inherited from your parents ex: AA, Aa, aa

199
Q

Autosomal traits

A

Genes located on chromosomes pairs 1-22

200
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

-Genes located on the sex chromosomes x or y #23 -Inherited differently between boys and girls -Sex-Linked dominant or recessive

201
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

202
Q

Recessive

A

Genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited not masked from both parents, i.e. When Inherited from one parent.

203
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

204
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

205
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

206
Q

Non-Homologous Chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are not members of the same pair.

207
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells

208
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis.

209
Q

Centromere

A

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis.

210
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Chromosomes will arrange in a different pattern each time. (Mixes the mom and dad chromosomes)

211
Q

Crossing Over

A

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids.

212
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of a gene

213
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

214
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Protein structures which move the chromosomes during cell division.

215
Q

Haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

216
Q

Diploid

A

a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

217
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a trait

218
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

219
Q

Non-disjunction

A

the uneven division of chromosomes during meiosis I or II that results in cells w/ more or less chromosomes than normal. *Not a mutation

220
Q

Jean Lamark

A

-Evolution occurs through the use and disuse of physical features. -features will increase by use or decrease by disuse . -these traits are then passed down to their offspring. -Through evolution happens during a life time.

221
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-Characteristics among members of a species vary. -Only individuals with the characteristics suited to the environmental will survive to reproduce. -Overtime those characteristics will increase in population.

222
Q

Process of Natural Selection

A

Process by which populations (not individuals) change in response to their environments.

223
Q

4 requirements

A

Genetic Variation Overproduction of offspring Struggle for existence Survival of the fittest.

224
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Exists in a population through… Meiosis- Genetic variation can be increased during crossing over and independent assortment. Mutations- Can be beneficial Genetic Recombination- Organisms pass on traits to offspring.

225
Q

Overpopulation/overproduction

A

-when conditions are favorable organisms tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. -Resources are no longer abundant enough to support every individual in a population competition occurs.

226
Q

Struggle for Existence

A

-Every organism must constantly fight for limited resources and escape from predators in order to survive long enough to reproduce.

227
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

-individuals best suited/adapted to their environment have the best chances for survival. -reproduce more often and pass those good traits on to their offspring. -increased frequency of best traits

228
Q

Fitness def

A

The ability to survive and reproduce in a particular movement.

229
Q

Selective pressure

A

The environment factor that effects an organisms ability to survive and/ or reproduce in an environment.

Biology DNA (9 decks)

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