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Dna Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where are our genes?

A

On our chromosomes

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2
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A long polymer in a double helix

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4
Q

Double helix

A

DNA is shaped in a twisted ladder

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5
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Alternating phosphate and deoxyribose with nitrogenous bases attached

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6
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine(c)
Thymine(t)
Adenine(a)
Guanine(g)

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8
Q

What does A join with?

A

T

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9
Q

What does C join with?

A

G

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10
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and cytosine

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11
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

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12
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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13
Q

Purines

A

Each have two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms

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14
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

In the s phase (synthesis) of interphase of the cell cycle

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15
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A

2 strands open forming replication forks(y shaped) and new strands grow at the forks. DNA polymerase(enzyme) adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of DNA, causing new strands to be quickly built in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

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16
Q

RNA

A

Ribose nucleic acid

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17
Q

What must be present for new DNA strands to form?

A

RNA primers must be present to start the addition of new nucleotides

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18
Q

How is the leading strand synthesized?

A

3-5

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19
Q

How is the lagging strand synthesized?

A

5-3

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20
Q

What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’

A

DNA 3’-GCATAC-5’

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21
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

X-ray technician who first discovered DNA and told a fellow scientist, who told crick and Watson who stole the idea and took all the credit

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22
Q

Who was semi conservative model of replication presented by?

A

Watson and crick

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23
Q

What does new DNA consist of?

A

1 parental (original) and 1 new strand of DNA

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24
Q

How is a complementary strand formed?

A

The strands of two parental molecules separate and each act as a template for this

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25
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

To build cells and do much of the work inside cells

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26
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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27
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

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28
Q

Can DNA leave the nucleus?

A

No

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29
Q

What happens to DNA’s code after it has been copied?

A

It’s taken to the cytoplasm

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30
Q

What must happen in order for amino acids to be assembled to make proteins, and where does it take place?

A

The code must be read in the cytoplasm

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31
Q

Protein synthesis

A

DNAs code must be copied and taken to the cytoplasm to be read and assembled to make proteins

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32
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

It is a single stranded copy of DNA that contains ribose as oppose to deoxyribose and uracil as oppose to thymine

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A 
Messenger RNA(mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
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34
Q

Messenger RNA

A

Copies DNA’s code and carries the genetic info to the ribosomes

35
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Along with protein they make up ribosomes

36
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized

37
Q

What is the shape of messenger RNA?

A

A long strand of nucleotides

38
Q

Where is mRNA made?

A

The nucleus

39
Q

Where do the copies of DNA or mRNA leave?

A

Through the nuclear pores

40
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 mRNAs

41
Q

What are the nitrogen bases of mRNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uruacil (replace t)

42
Q

What is the shape of tRNA?

A

Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid

43
Q

How many bases are in a codon?

A

3

44
Q

How many bases are in an anticodon?

A

3

45
Q

What is the pathway to making a protein?

A

DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Protein

46
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA the template strand in the nucleus. mRNA copies the template strand.

47
Q

What happens to DNA if it leaves the nucleus?

A

It’s too large and would explode

48
Q

What does transcription require?

A

The RNA enzyme polymerase

49
Q

Where does mRNA go after leaving the nuclear pores?

A

To the ribosomes

50
Q

Translation

A

The process of decoding the mRNA into an amino acid chain or protein in the ribosome.

51
Q

How many bases and codons do ribosomes read at a time to construct proteins?

A

1 codon and 3 bases

52
Q

Genetic code

A

Some condones tell the ribosome to stop translating.
There are 64 possible condones
Amino acids can have 1+ condones
mRNA designates an amino acid

53
Q

What does complementary base pairing mean?

A

A bounds to T

C bounds to G

54
Q

What is semi conservative DNA replication?

A

The parent strand of dna in the double helix are separated and each one is copied to produce a daughter strand but one parent strand still remains intact.

55
Q

Where would you find a codon?

A

mRNA

56
Q

Where would you find an anticodon?

A

tRNA

57
Q

What is a triplet?

A

The normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of 3 nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid

58
Q

Where would you find a triplet?

A

DNA

59
Q

What enzymes add base pairs to DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

60
Q

What enzyme adds base pairs to RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

61
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

62
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome in the cytoplasm

63
Q

Where is tRNA?

A

Cytoplasm

64
Q

Where is mRNA?

A

Nucleus to cytoplasm

65
Q

Where is rRNA?

A

Cytoplasm

66
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

67
Q

What makes a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Sugar(deoxyribose and ribose)
Nitrogenous base

68
Q

What is the minimum amount if amino acids that make a protein?

A

4

69
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (both somatic and gamete cells)

70
Q

How are mutations often repaired?

A

Enzymes

71
Q

Are mutations harmful or helpful?

A

They happen regularly and are almost neutral

72
Q

What cause mutations?

A

Chemical and uv radiation

73
Q

Invole

A

Chromosome mutations that change the structure and gain cause a loss or gain of a chromosome.

74
Q

What are the types of chromosome mutations?

A 
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication
75
Q

Deletion

A

Due to breakage a piece of a chromosome is lost.

76
Q

Inversion

A

Chromosome segment breaks off flips around and then reattaches

77
Q

Duplication

A

A gene sequence is repeated

78
Q

Translocation

A

2 non homologous chromosomes part of one transfers to another and switch or one part is lost.

79
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure chromosome separates during meiosis causing gametes to have too many or few chromosomes

80
Q

Gene mutations

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene (may only involve 1 nucleotide and be caused by copy errors, chemicals, viruses,etc.)

81
Q

What are the types of gene mutations?

A 
Point mutation
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift
82
Q

Point mutation

A

Sickle cell disease is the result of 1 nucleotide substitution (occurs in the hemoglobin gene).

83
Q

Frameshift

A

Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides and changing the reading frame causing proteins to be built incorrectly

Biology (8 decks)

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