Dna

Question 1

Where are our genes?

Answer 1

On our chromosomes

Question 2

What are chromosomes made up of?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 3

A long polymer in a double helix

Question 4

Double helix

Answer 4

DNA is shaped in a twisted ladder

Question 5

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 5

Alternating phosphate and deoxyribose with nitrogenous bases attached

Question 6

What holds the nitrogenous bases together?

Answer 6

Hydrogen bonds

Question 7

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

Answer 7

Cytosine(c)
Thymine(t)
Adenine(a)
Guanine(g)

Question 8

What does A join with?

Answer 8

T

Question 9

What does C join with?

Answer 9

G

Question 10

What are the pyrimidines?

Answer 10

Thymine and cytosine

Question 11

Pyrimidines

Answer 11

Have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Question 12

What are the purines?

Answer 12

Adenine and guanine

Question 13

Purines

Answer 13

Each have two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Question 14

When does DNA replication take place?

Answer 14

In the s phase (synthesis) of interphase of the cell cycle

Question 15

What occurs during DNA replication?

Answer 15

2 strands open forming replication forks(y shaped) and new strands grow at the forks. DNA polymerase(enzyme) adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of DNA, causing new strands to be quickly built in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

Ribose nucleic acid

Question 17

What must be present for new DNA strands to form?

Answer 17

RNA primers must be present to start the addition of new nucleotides

Question 18

How is the leading strand synthesized?

Answer 18

3-5

Question 19

How is the lagging strand synthesized?

Answer 19

5-3

Question 20

What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’

Answer 20

DNA 3’-GCATAC-5’

Question 21

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 21

X-ray technician who first discovered DNA and told a fellow scientist, who told crick and Watson who stole the idea and took all the credit

Question 22

Who was semi conservative model of replication presented by?

Answer 22

Watson and crick

Question 23

What does new DNA consist of?

Answer 23

1 parental (original) and 1 new strand of DNA

Question 24

How is a complementary strand formed?

Answer 24

The strands of two parental molecules separate and each act as a template for this

Question 25

What are proteins used for?

Answer 25

To build cells and do much of the work inside cells

Question 26

What are proteins made of?

Answer 26

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 27

How many amino acids exist?

Answer 27

20

Question 28

Can DNA leave the nucleus?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

What happens to DNA's code after it has been copied?

Answer 29

It's taken to the cytoplasm

Question 30

What must happen in order for amino acids to be assembled to make proteins, and where does it take place?

Answer 30

The code must be read in the cytoplasm

Question 31

Protein synthesis

Answer 31

DNAs code must be copied and taken to the cytoplasm to be read and assembled to make proteins

Question 32

How is RNA different from DNA?

Answer 32

It is a single stranded copy of DNA that contains ribose as oppose to deoxyribose and uracil as oppose to thymine

Question 33

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 33

``` Messenger RNA(mRNA) Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) Transfer RNA(tRNA) ```

Question 34

Messenger RNA

Answer 34

Copies DNA's code and carries the genetic info to the ribosomes

Question 35

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 35

Along with protein they make up ribosomes

Question 36

Transfer RNA

Answer 36

Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized

Question 37

What is the shape of messenger RNA?

Answer 37

A long strand of nucleotides

Question 38

Where is mRNA made?

Answer 38

The nucleus

Question 39

Where do the copies of DNA or mRNA leave?

Answer 39

Through the nuclear pores

Question 40

Codon

Answer 40

Sequence of 3 mRNAs

Question 41

What are the nitrogen bases of mRNA?

Answer 41

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uruacil (replace t)

Question 42

What is the shape of tRNA?

Answer 42

Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid

Question 43

How many bases are in a codon?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

How many bases are in an anticodon?

Answer 44

3

Question 45

What is the pathway to making a protein?

Answer 45

DNA mRNA tRNA Protein

Question 46

Transcription

Answer 46

The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA the template strand in the nucleus. mRNA copies the template strand.

Question 47

What happens to DNA if it leaves the nucleus?

Answer 47

It's too large and would explode

Question 48

What does transcription require?

Answer 48

The RNA enzyme polymerase

Question 49

Where does mRNA go after leaving the nuclear pores?

Answer 49

To the ribosomes

Question 50

Translation

Answer 50

The process of decoding the mRNA into an amino acid chain or protein in the ribosome.

Question 51

How many bases and codons do ribosomes read at a time to construct proteins?

Answer 51

1 codon and 3 bases

Question 52

Genetic code

Answer 52

Some condones tell the ribosome to stop translating. There are 64 possible condones Amino acids can have 1+ condones mRNA designates an amino acid

Question 53

What does complementary base pairing mean?

Answer 53

A bounds to T | C bounds to G

Question 54

What is semi conservative DNA replication?

Answer 54

The parent strand of dna in the double helix are separated and each one is copied to produce a daughter strand but one parent strand still remains intact.

Question 55

Where would you find a codon?

Answer 55

mRNA

Question 56

Where would you find an anticodon?

Answer 56

tRNA

Question 57

What is a triplet?

Answer 57

The normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of 3 nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid

Question 58

Where would you find a triplet?

Answer 58

DNA

Question 59

What enzymes add base pairs to DNA?

Answer 59

DNA polymerase

Question 60

What enzyme adds base pairs to RNA?

Answer 60

RNA polymerase

Question 61

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 61

Nucleus

Question 62

Where does translation take place?

Answer 62

Ribosome in the cytoplasm

Question 63

Where is tRNA?

Answer 63

Cytoplasm

Question 64

Where is mRNA?

Answer 64

Nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 65

Where is rRNA?

Answer 65

Cytoplasm

Question 66

How many codons are there?

Answer 66

64

Question 67

What makes a nucleotide?

Answer 67

Phosphate Sugar(deoxyribose and ribose) Nitrogenous base

Question 68

What is the minimum amount if amino acids that make a protein?

Answer 68

4

Question 69

What are mutations?

Answer 69

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (both somatic and gamete cells)

Question 70

How are mutations often repaired?

Answer 70

Enzymes

Question 71

Are mutations harmful or helpful?

Answer 71

They happen regularly and are almost neutral

Question 72

What cause mutations?

Answer 72

Chemical and uv radiation

Question 73

Invole

Answer 73

Chromosome mutations that change the structure and gain cause a loss or gain of a chromosome.

Question 74

What are the types of chromosome mutations?

Answer 74

``` Deletion Inversion Translocation Nondisjunction Duplication ```

Question 75

Deletion

Answer 75

Due to breakage a piece of a chromosome is lost.

Question 76

Inversion

Answer 76

Chromosome segment breaks off flips around and then reattaches

Question 77

Duplication

Answer 77

A gene sequence is repeated

Question 78

Translocation

Answer 78

2 non homologous chromosomes part of one transfers to another and switch or one part is lost.

Question 79

Nondisjunction

Answer 79

Failure chromosome separates during meiosis causing gametes to have too many or few chromosomes

Question 80

Gene mutations

Answer 80

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene (may only involve 1 nucleotide and be caused by copy errors, chemicals, viruses,etc.)

Question 81

What are the types of gene mutations?

Answer 81

``` Point mutation Substitutions Insertions Deletions Frameshift ```

Question 82

Point mutation

Answer 82

Sickle cell disease is the result of 1 nucleotide substitution (occurs in the hemoglobin gene).

Question 83

Frameshift

Answer 83

Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides and changing the reading frame causing proteins to be built incorrectly