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Biology > Cell Growth And Division > Flashcards

Cell Growth And Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 stages to interphase?

A

G1- growth 1
S- synthesis
G2- growth 2

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2
Q

Growth 1

A

Cell grows, metabolism is active, new proteins and RNA are made.

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3
Q

S phase

A
  • processing (synthesis) of DNA

- DNA content doubles (info is copied)

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4
Q

G2 phase

A
  • cell now contains twice as much DNA
  • cell processes a substance that triggers cell
    division to begin mitosis
  • enzymes released
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5
Q

M phase

A
  • nucleus reproduces through a series of
    events called mitosis
  • chromosomes become visible (condensed)
  • not apart of interphase
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6
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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7
Q

How often do most eukaryotic cells divide?

A

Once every 24 hours

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

One long strand of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory info.

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9
Q

How many chromosomes are in our bodies?

A

46

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

Loose combination of DNA and proteins

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11
Q

Histones

A

DNA wraps around it at regular intervals, similar to beads on a string

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12
Q

Chromatid

A

1/2 of a duplicated chromosome

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13
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two identical chromatid

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14
Q

Centromere

A

A region of the condensed chromosome that looks pinched

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15
Q

Telomeres

A

The ends of DNA molecules form structure

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16
Q

Spindle

A

Found in centrioles (only in animal cells), determines the direction of the cells during division.

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17
Q

What happens when the ratio of surface area to volume is too small?

A

The cell cannot move materials into and out of the cell at a sufficient rate or in sufficient quantities.

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18
Q

Does a cells volume increases as a cell grows?

A

Yes, more rapidly than its surface area

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19
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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20
Q

Prophase

A
  • mitosis begins
  • centrioles (poles) appear and begin to move
    to opposite ends of a cell
  • spindle fibers form between the poles
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear membrane disappears
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21
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes move to the center of the cell
    AKA the cell’s equator
  • chromatids attach to the spindle fibers
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22
Q

Interphase

A
  • chromosomes are copied
  • chromosomes appear as threadlike coils or
    chromatin at the start, but each chromosome
    and its copy (sister chromosome) change to
    sister chromatids at end of this phase
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23
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids separate and begin to move to

opposite ends of the cell

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24
Q

Telophase

A
  • two new nuclei form
  • chromosomes appear as chromatin
  • chromosomes gather to opposite poles
  • nuclear membrane forms around each group
    of chromosomes
  • each nuclei contains a set of identical
    chromosomes
  • mitosis ends
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25
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides into 2 parts
  • cells are diploid (2n)
  • cell membrane moves inward to create 2
    daughter cells
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26
Q

What factors regulate cell division?

A

Internal and external

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27
Q

What are external factors?

A

Physical (cell contact) & chemical signals (growth factors)

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28
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins that simulate cell division
- most mammal cells form a single layer in a
culture dish and stop dividing once they touch
other cells.

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29
Q

What are the internal factors?

A

Kinases & cyclins

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30
Q

Kinases

A

An enzyme (protein) that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule. This changes the shape of a molecule.

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31
Q

Cyclin

A

A group of proteins that are rapidly made & destroyed at certain points I the cell cycle.

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32
Q

What factors trigger internal factors?

A

External factors

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33
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • a normal feature of healthy organisms
  • caused by a cell’s production of self
    destructive enzymes
  • occurs in development of infants
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34
Q

Is cell division uncontrolled by cancer?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Tumors

A

Cancer cells formed in disorganized clumps

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36
Q

Benign tumors

A

Tumors that remained clustered and can be removed

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37
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Tumor that metastasize or break away and can form more tumors

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38
Q

Do cancer cells carry out necessary functions?

A

No

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39
Q

Carcinagers

A

Substances known to promote cancer (from the environment)

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40
Q

Standard cancer treatments

A

Typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells

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41
Q

Where do cancer cells come from?

A

Normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell cycle regulation

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42
Q

Oncogenes

A

Accelerate the cell cycle

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43
Q

What do most cancer cells carry mutations/errors in?

A

2 types of genes

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44
Q

How many chromosomes do daughter cells have compared to the original cell during meiosis?

A

Half as many

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45
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes turn to 2 diploids turn to 4 haploids

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46
Q

Gametes

A

Eggs and sperm

Haploid cell

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47
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Female
- ovaries or oogenesis

Male
- testes or spermatogenesis

In our germ cells that produce gametes

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48
Q

How many chromosomes do you start with during meiosis?

A

46 double stranded chromosomes or 2n

49
Q

How many chromosomes do you have after division I of meiosis?

A

23 double stranded chromosomes or n

50
Q

How many chromosomes do you have after division II of meiosis?

A

23 single stranded chromosomes or n

51
Q

Why do we need meiosis?

A

It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction.

52
Q

How are 2 haploid gametes brought together?

A

Through fertilization

53
Q

What do the 2 haploid gametes produce?

A

A diploid or 2n zygote

54
Q

Diploid or 2n

A

A cell that has two sets of chromosomes in its nucleus.

55
Q

Haploid or n

A

A cell with only one set of chromosomes in. It’s nucleus.

56
Q

Meiosis I

A

First two stages of meiosis

57
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that carry the same genes and are similar in size and shape

58
Q

Homologue

A

Member of pair of homologous chromosomes

59
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of segments (genes) between chromatids (synapsis). Produces recombination in an offspring.

60
Q

Genetic recombination

A

The regrouping of genes into new combinations.

61
Q

What must fertilization restore?

A

The 2n number

62
Q

Prophase I

A

Early prophase

Late prophase

63
Q

Early prophase

A
  • homologous prophase

- crossing over occurs

64
Q

Late prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle forms
  • nuclear envelope fragments
65
Q

What forms during prophase I?

A

Tetrads

66
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes with sister chromatids join to form a tetrad during prophase I.

67
Q

What does crossing over multiple?

A

The huge number of different gamete types

68
Q

What are the huge number of different gamete types produced by?

A

Independent assortment

69
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.

70
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • homologous separate and move to opposite poles

- sister chromatids remain attached to their centromeres

71
Q

Telophase I

A
  • nuclear envelopes reassemble
  • spindle disappears
  • cytokinesis divides cell into two.
72
Q

How many homolog of each chromosome are present in each cell during meiosis II?

A

1

73
Q

What do sister chromatids carry during meiosis II?

A

Identical genetic information

74
Q

Meiosis II

A

Produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene

75
Q

Prophase II

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments

- spindle forms

76
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align along the equators of the cells

77
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
78
Q

Telophase II

A
  • nuclear envelope assembles
  • chromosomes decondense
  • spindle disappears
  • cytokinesis divides the cell into two
79
Q

What are the results of meiosis?

A
  • gametes form
  • four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome
  • one allele of each gene
  • different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome
80
Q

How many divisions are in mitosis?

A

1

81
Q

How many divisions are in meiosis?

A

2

82
Q

How many daughter cells are formed in mitosis?

A

2

83
Q

How many daughter cells are formed during meiosis?

A

4

84
Q

Are the cells genetically identical during mitosis?

A

Yes

85
Q

Are the cells genetically identical during meiosis?

A

No

86
Q

How many parent chromosomes remain after mitosis?

A

Same

87
Q

How many parent chromosomes remain after meiosis?

A

Half

88
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A

Somatic cells

89
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells

90
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

Throughout life

91
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

At sexual maturity

92
Q

What role does mitosis play?

A

Growth and repair

93
Q

What role does meiosis play?

A

Sexual reproduction

94
Q

Where does the cell spend most of its time?

A

Interphase

95
Q

How long is mitosis?

A

About 1 hour

96
Q

What is the diploid number of chromosomes?

A

2n=46

97
Q

What is the haploid number of chromosomes?

A

N=23

98
Q

When does crossing over take place?

A

After prophase 1

99
Q

What is the benefit of crossing over?

A

Genetic variation goes up

100
Q

Do all cells go through meiosis?

A

No, only gametes

101
Q

How many daughter cells form after meiosis I?

A

2

102
Q

How many daughter cells form after meiosis II?

A

4

103
Q

Why is meiosis I called the reduction division?

A

Because the chromosomes are reduced by half

104
Q

When does meiosis take place?

A

After fertilization

105
Q

Male gamete

A

Haploid sperm

106
Q

Female gamete

A

Haploid egg

107
Q

What causes uncontrollable cell division?

A

Cancer

108
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes one inherited from the mother and one from the father. Chromosome 9 always matches up together.

109
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes 1-22 that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism (eye, hair, skin color).

110
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome 23 that controls the development of sexual characteristics

111
Q

What kind of sex chromosomes does a female have?

A

2 X chromosomes

112
Q

What kind of sex chromosomes does a male have?

A

X and Y chromosome

113
Q

Are autosomes homologous pairs?

A

Yes

114
Q

Sperm

A

A male gamete that gives 1/2 the DNA to an embryo.

115
Q

Egg

A

A female gamete that gives organelles, molecular building blocks, 1/2 the DNA, and materials to begin life to an embryo.

116
Q

Which chromosome carries the fewest number of genes?

A

Y

117
Q

Metastasize

A

When cancer cells break away from the tumor and attach to other areas

118
Q

Polar bodies

A

Cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down.

119
Q

Stem cells

A

A unique type of body cell that has the ability to develop into a variety of specialized cell types.

Biology (8 decks)

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